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Related Concept Videos

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012 for this...
Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for injury repair.
Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming01:14

Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...
Maintenance of the ES Cell State01:14

Maintenance of the ES Cell State

The cells of the blastocyst inner cell mass only remain pluripotent for a short time. This state of pluripotency and self-renewal can be maintained in embryonic stem (ES) cell culture by adding specific chemicals or growth factors to ensure the cells can continue dividing and later differentiate into different cell types. In some cases, the cells are grown on a feeder layer of differentiated cells, which provides the growth factors and extracellular matrix components necessary for stem cell...
Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells

Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
Compact chromatin makes reprogramming difficult. Enzymes, such as histone demethylases and acetyltransferases, are often added during reprogramming to loosen the chromatin, making the DNA more accessible to transcription factors. Molecules that inhibit histone...
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:06

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different cell types. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are terminally differentiated; however, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they dedifferentiate and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are called induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).
Somatic cells are...

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Cell Surface Marker Mediated Purification of iPS Cell Intermediates from a Reprogrammable Mouse Model
10:32

Cell Surface Marker Mediated Purification of iPS Cell Intermediates from a Reprogrammable Mouse Model

Published on: September 6, 2014

Pluripotency and cellular reprogramming: facts, hypotheses, unresolved issues.

Jacob H Hanna1, Krishanu Saha, Rudolf Jaenisch

  • 1The Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA. hanna@wi.mit.edu

Cell
|November 16, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Direct reprogramming creates induced pluripotent stem cells, raising questions about epigenetic stability. Understanding molecular and epigenetic factors is crucial for realizing the potential of in vitro reprogrammed cells.

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Area of Science:

  • Cellular reprogramming
  • Epigenetics
  • Stem cell biology

Background:

  • Direct reprogramming of somatic cells to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) challenges established views on cellular identity.
  • Distinct pluripotency states are known to interconvert, influenced by internal and external factors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advances in understanding the molecular and epigenetic determinants of cell fate conversion.
  • To highlight unresolved and controversial questions in the field of cellular reprogramming.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent studies on direct reprogramming and pluripotency.
  • Analysis of molecular and epigenetic mechanisms underlying cell state transitions.

Main Results:

  • Ectopic expression of transcription factors induces pluripotency but raises questions about epigenetic stability.
  • Evidence suggests interconversion between different pluripotency states is possible.
  • Understanding these determinants is key to utilizing in vitro reprogrammed cells.

Conclusions:

  • Further research is needed to fully elucidate the molecular and epigenetic landscape governing cell reprogramming.
  • Resolving controversial questions is essential for advancing the therapeutic applications of iPSCs.