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Related Concept Videos

S-Cdk Initiates DNA Replication02:38

S-Cdk Initiates DNA Replication

The cell cycle is a series of events leading to DNA duplication followed by the division of cell content to form two daughter cells. The cell cycle progresses in four stages—the cell increases in size (gap 1 or G1-phase), duplicates its DNA (synthesis or S-phase), prepares to divide (gap 2 or G2-phase), and divides (mitosis or M-phase).
Two states at the origin of replication
In eukaryotes, the initiation of replication occurs at many sites on the chromosomes, called the origins of replication.
S-Cdk Initiates DNA Replication02:38

S-Cdk Initiates DNA Replication

The cell cycle is a series of events leading to DNA duplication followed by the division of cell content to form two daughter cells. The cell cycle progresses in four stages—the cell increases in size (gap 1 or G1-phase), duplicates its DNA (synthesis or S-phase), prepares to divide (gap 2 or G2-phase), and divides (mitosis or M-phase).
Two states at the origin of replication
In eukaryotes, the initiation of replication occurs at many sites on the chromosomes, called the origins of replication.
Negative Regulator Molecules01:23

Negative Regulator Molecules

Positive regulators allow a cell to advance through cell cycle checkpoints. Negative regulators have an equally important role as they terminate a cell’s progression through the cell cycle—or pause it—until the cell meets specific criteria.
The Cell Cycle Control System02:11

The Cell Cycle Control System

The cell cycle is an organized set of events that leads the cell to divide into two daughter cells, each containing chromosomes identical to the parent cell. It is the cell cycle that leads to the formation of an entire organism from a single-cell zygote. Besides, cell division also functions in the renewal or repair of tissues in adult multicellular eukaryotes. For example, in the bone marrow, the stem cells divide to form new blood cells. Although essential for several functions, cell...
The Cell Cycle Control System01:28

The Cell Cycle Control System

The cell cycle regulation directs how a cell proceeds from one phase to the next and begins mitosis. The cell cycle control system includes intracellular regulatory molecules and external triggers. They provide "stop" or "advance" signals and operate at specific cell cycle stages termed checkpoints to ensure that a particular process is completed before the cell advances to the next phase.
Cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks) are the primary cell cycle regulators and function at the cell...
The Cell Cycle Control System02:11

The Cell Cycle Control System

The cell cycle is an organized set of events that leads the cell to divide into two daughter cells, each containing chromosomes identical to the parent cell. It is the cell cycle that leads to the formation of an entire organism from a single-cell zygote. Besides, cell division also functions in the renewal or repair of tissues in adult multicellular eukaryotes. For example, in the bone marrow, the stem cells divide to form new blood cells. Although essential for several functions, cell...

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Determination of S-Phase Duration Using 5-Ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine Incorporation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
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Developmental control of late replication and S phase length.

Antony W Shermoen1, Mark L McCleland, Patrick H O'Farrell

  • 1Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-2200, USA.

Current Biology : CB
|November 16, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Early embryonic development in Drosophila involves rapid DNA replication. Slower S phases in later cycles are actively regulated by developmental progression, particularly the delayed replication of satellite sequences and heterochromatin formation.

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Studying Cell Cycle-regulated Gene Expression by Two Complementary Cell Synchronization Protocols
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Published on: June 6, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Cell Cycle Regulation
  • Genomics

Background:

  • Early embryonic cell cycles in Drosophila exhibit extremely rapid S phases, with genome replication occurring significantly faster than in later developmental stages.
  • The regulation of S phase duration during embryonic development and its connection to heterochromatin formation remain largely uncharacterized.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the mechanisms prolonging embryonic S phases in Drosophila.
  • To understand the coupling of S phase duration to developmental progression.
  • To explore the relationship between S phase prolongation and the emergence of heterochromatin.

Main Methods:

  • High-resolution live imaging of fluorescent nucleotide incorporation and GFP-PCNA to track S phase dynamics.
  • Analysis of satellite DNA replication timing across successive embryonic cell cycles.
  • Assessment of heterochromatin protein 1 (HP1) accumulation and chromatin compaction.

Main Results:

  • Satellite sequences replicated rapidly in early S phases but showed increasing replication delays in S phases 11-13, correlating with S phase prolongation.
  • Major delays in satellite replication, dependent on transcription, were observed in S phase 14, occupying a significant portion of this S phase.
  • Heterochromatin protein 1 (HP1) binding and chromatin compaction occurred after satellite replication in S phase 14, with satellites forming aggregated masses by cycle 15.

Conclusions:

  • Slowing of S phase is an active, developmentally regulated process, not due to limiting replication factors.
  • Progressive delays in satellite DNA replication are key to extending S phase duration during Drosophila embryogenesis.
  • Satellites acquire heterochromatic features like compaction, late replication, HP1 binding, and chromocenter aggregation in developmental steps coordinated with replication timing.