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Related Concept Videos

Histone Variants at the Centromere02:30

Histone Variants at the Centromere

Histone variants are the histone proteins with structural and sequence variations. These variants may be regarded as “mutant” forms that replace their canonical histone counterparts in the nucleosomes. Specific post-translational modifications on the histone variants enable further chromatin complexity and regulate tissue-specific gene expression. The most common histone variants are from histone H2A, H2B, and linker histone H1 families. However, several variants of histone H3 variants are also...
Histone Modification02:32

Histone Modification

The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
Acetylation
The enzyme histone acetyltransferase adds acetyl group to the histones. Another enzyme, histone deacetylase,...
Histone Modification02:32

Histone Modification

The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
Acetylation
The enzyme histone acetyltransferase adds acetyl group to the histones. Another enzyme, histone deacetylase,...
Inheritance of Chromatin Structures03:17

Inheritance of Chromatin Structures

Epigenetics is the study of inherited changes in a cell's phenotype without changing the DNA sequences. It provides a form of memory for the differential gene expression pattern to maintain cell lineage, position-effect variegation, dosage compensation, and maintenance of chromatin structures such as telomeres and centromeres. For example, the structure and location of the centromere on chromosomes are epigenetically inherited. Its functionality is not dictated or ensured by the underlying DNA...
Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells

Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
Compact chromatin makes reprogramming difficult. Enzymes, such as histone demethylases and acetyltransferases, are often added during reprogramming to loosen the chromatin, making the DNA more accessible to transcription factors. Molecules that inhibit histone...
The Nucleosome Core Particle01:12

The Nucleosome Core Particle

Nucleosomes are the DNA-histone complex, where the DNA strand is wound around the histone core. The histone core is an octamer containing two copies of H2A, H2B, H3, and H4 histone proteins.
Nucleosomes, paradoxically, perform two opposite functions simultaneously. On the one hand, their primary aim is to protect the delicate DNA strands from physical damage and help achieve a higher compaction ratio. On the other hand, they must allow polymerase enzymes to access histone-bound DNA during...

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Updated: Jun 6, 2026

Expression Analysis of Mammalian Linker-histone Subtypes
14:40

Expression Analysis of Mammalian Linker-histone Subtypes

Published on: March 19, 2012

Histone variants in metazoan development.

Laura A Banaszynski1, C David Allis, Peter W Lewis

  • 1Laboratory of Chromatin Biology and Epigenetics, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA.

Developmental Cell
|November 16, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Histone variants, key chromatin components, influence embryonic development through epigenetic mechanisms. This review highlights their crucial roles in early mammalian development and diverse biological outcomes.

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Last Updated: Jun 6, 2026

Expression Analysis of Mammalian Linker-histone Subtypes
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Unveiling Histone Proteoforms using 2D-TAU Gel Electrophoresis
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Complete Workflow for Analysis of Histone Post-translational Modifications Using Bottom-up Mass Spectrometry: From Histone Extraction to Data Analysis
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Complete Workflow for Analysis of Histone Post-translational Modifications Using Bottom-up Mass Spectrometry: From Histone Extraction to Data Analysis

Published on: May 17, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Epigenetics
  • Chromatin Biology

Background:

  • Embryonic development relies on genetic and epigenetic regulation.
  • Chromatin architecture, influenced by histone proteins, dictates DNA-templated processes.
  • Histone variants are emerging as critical epigenetic regulators.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the role of histone variants in embryonic development.
  • To emphasize their function in early mammalian development.
  • To discuss their impact on key developmental processes.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of emerging research.
  • Focus on epigenetic contributions of histone variants.
  • Analysis of their roles in chromatin structure.

Main Results:

  • Histone variants generate chromatin diversity with significant biological outcomes.
  • They are crucial for pericentric heterochromatin, X-inactivation, and germ cell differentiation.
  • Their epigenetic roles are vital for early mammalian development.

Conclusions:

  • Histone variants are essential regulators of embryonic development.
  • Their diverse functions underscore their importance in chromatin dynamics.
  • Further research into histone variants will illuminate developmental processes.