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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...
Special Features of Adaptive Immunity01:20

Special Features of Adaptive Immunity

The adaptive immune system, a crucial component of the overall immune response, offers a highly specialized defense against pathogens. It involves specific cell types and features, enabling it to combat infections effectively and efficiently.
The primary cell types involved in adaptive immunity are T cells and B cells. Each type has a unique role in defending the body against pathogens. T cells are responsible for cell-mediated immunity. They identify and eliminate infected cells directly,...
Cell-mediated Immune Responses01:40

Cell-mediated Immune Responses

Overview
Complement System01:27

Complement System

The complement system is a group of approximately 20 plasma proteins that strengthen the body's defenses against infections through opsonization, inflammation, and cell lysis. Opsonization involves coating pathogens with complement proteins, making them more recognizable and facilitating phagocyte engulfment. Certain complement proteins induce inflammation that attracts immune cells to the site of infection. Cell lysis involves the destruction of pathogens through the formation of a membrane...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 6, 2026

Evaluation of T Follicular Helper Cells and Germinal Center Response During Influenza A Virus Infection in Mice
07:07

Evaluation of T Follicular Helper Cells and Germinal Center Response During Influenza A Virus Infection in Mice

Published on: June 27, 2020

A functional complement system is required for normal T helper cell differentiation.

Pirkka T Pekkarinen1, Kirsi Vaali, Sami Junnikkala

  • 1Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Finland. pirkka.pekkarinen@helsinki.fi

Immunobiology
|November 16, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The complement system, specifically C3, is crucial for normal T cell responses and differentiation. Its absence impairs T helper cell function and alters immune responses, highlighting complement

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Mouse Naïve CD4+ T Cell Isolation and In vitro Differentiation into T Cell Subsets
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Mouse Naïve CD4+ T Cell Isolation and In vitro Differentiation into T Cell Subsets

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Last Updated: Jun 6, 2026

Evaluation of T Follicular Helper Cells and Germinal Center Response During Influenza A Virus Infection in Mice
07:07

Evaluation of T Follicular Helper Cells and Germinal Center Response During Influenza A Virus Infection in Mice

Published on: June 27, 2020

Mouse Naïve CD4+ T Cell Isolation and In vitro Differentiation into T Cell Subsets
07:12

Mouse Naïve CD4+ T Cell Isolation and In vitro Differentiation into T Cell Subsets

Published on: April 16, 2015

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Complement System Biology
  • T Cell Immunity

Background:

  • The complement system is vital for innate immunity and B cell responses.
  • The role of complement in T cell responses remains less understood.
  • Complement component 3 (C3) is a key mediator in complement activation cascades.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of C3 deficiency on antigen-specific T cell responses.
  • To elucidate the role of complement in T helper cell differentiation and function.
  • To analyze qualitative and quantitative differences in T cell responses in the absence of C3.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized C3-knockout (C3-KO) and wild-type (WT) C57BL/6 mice.
  • Immunized mice with ovalbumin (OVA) in complete Freund's adjuvant.
  • Assessed T cell proliferation, transcription factor expression (T-bet), cytokine levels (IL-12, IFN-γ), and immunoglobulin subclass production (IgG2a, IgG3, IgE).

Main Results:

  • C3-KO mice exhibited reduced OVA-specific T cell proliferation compared to WT mice.
  • Th1-associated gene expression (T-bet) and IgG subclass induction were impaired in C3-KO mice.
  • T cell responses in C3-KO mice showed a deviation towards Th2, indicated by IgE correlation and reduced Th1 cytokines.

Conclusions:

  • The complement system, particularly C3, plays a significant role in regulating T cell responses.
  • Complement function is essential for appropriate T helper cell differentiation and the development of Th1-polarized immunity.
  • C3 deficiency leads to altered T cell polarization and impaired adaptive immune responses.