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Related Concept Videos

Fractures: Bone Repair01:27

Fractures: Bone Repair

Treatment for a fracture is based on the type of break, the bone affected, and the patient's age.
Minor fractures with no bone displacement are treated by immobilizing the fractured bone using a cast or splint. However, in the case of fractures with displaced bones, the broken bones are repositioned before immobilization to ensure successful healing without deformation and loss of function. The realignment of fractured bone ends is performed through a process called reduction. If the procedure...
Bone Remodeling and Repair01:31

Bone Remodeling and Repair

Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during bone...
Bone Remodeling01:40

Bone Remodeling

Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.
Bone as Supporting Connective Tissue01:23

Bone as Supporting Connective Tissue

Bone tissue forms the internal skeleton of vertebrate animals, providing structure to the body.
Bone Matrix
Bone, or osseous tissue, is a connective tissue that has a large amount of two different types of matrix material. The organic matrix is similar to the matrix material found in other connective tissues, including some amount of collagen and elastic fibers. This gives strength and flexibility to the tissue. The inorganic matrix consists of mineral salts— mostly calcium salts— that give the...
Bone Formation by Intramembranous Ossification01:29

Bone Formation by Intramembranous Ossification

Intramembranous ossification is one of the two processes involved in the development of bones within an embryo. The flat bones of the face, most of the cranial bones, and the clavicles are formed via this process. During intramembranous ossification, the bones develop directly from sheets of undifferentiated mesenchymal connective tissue.
The process begins when mesenchymal cells in the embryonic skeleton gather together and differentiate into osteogenic cells, which then develop into...
Bone Formation by Endochondral Ossification01:24

Bone Formation by Endochondral Ossification

Bone formation, or ossification, begins around the sixth to seventh week of embryonic development. Most bones develop from a cartilaginous template through the process of endochondral ossification. Cartilage formation begins when clusters of mesenchymal cells differentiate into chondrocytes. These chondrocytes proliferate rapidly and secrete an extracellular matrix that becomes encased in a membrane called the perichondrium. The resulting cartilage model provides a template that resembles the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 6, 2026

Vascularized Composite Upper Limb Allograft Harvesting for Proximal Arm Allotransplantation
08:11

Vascularized Composite Upper Limb Allograft Harvesting for Proximal Arm Allotransplantation

Published on: June 13, 2025

[Free vascularized bone transfer en bout de chaîne].

P Valenti1

  • 1Institut de la main, 6 square Jouvenet, Paris, France. philippe.valenti@wanadoo.fr

Chirurgie De La Main
|November 16, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Free vascularized bone transfer (FVBT) effectively reconstructs distal finger amputations, even in challenging tissues. This microsurgical technique preserves bone and allows for growth in children, restoring function for patients needing fine pinch.

Area of Science:

  • Orthopedics
  • Microsurgery
  • Regenerative Medicine

Context:

  • Distal finger amputations pose reconstructive challenges.
  • Conventional bone grafts often fail due to resorption or infection.
  • Free vascularized bone transfer (FVBT) offers a viable solution.

Purpose:

  • To evaluate the efficacy of modified wrap-around FVBT techniques.
  • To explore FVBT for distal finger reconstruction, including nail deformities.
  • To highlight the importance of vascularized growth cartilage transfer in pediatric cases.

Summary:

  • FVBT demonstrates successful bone healing without resorption, even in sclerotic or infected tissues.
  • Techniques include harvesting bone with soft tissue, nail complex, or growth cartilage.

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Surgical Angiogenesis in Porcine Tibial Allotransplantation: A New Large Animal Bone Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation Model

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Vascularized Composite Hand Allograft Procurement and Preparation for Distal and Proximal Forearm Allotransplantation: A Stepwise Approach
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Vascularized Composite Hand Allograft Procurement and Preparation for Distal and Proximal Forearm Allotransplantation: A Stepwise Approach

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Last Updated: Jun 6, 2026

Vascularized Composite Upper Limb Allograft Harvesting for Proximal Arm Allotransplantation
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Vascularized Composite Upper Limb Allograft Harvesting for Proximal Arm Allotransplantation

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Surgical Angiogenesis in Porcine Tibial Allotransplantation: A New Large Animal Bone Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation Model
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Surgical Angiogenesis in Porcine Tibial Allotransplantation: A New Large Animal Bone Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation Model

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Vascularized Composite Hand Allograft Procurement and Preparation for Distal and Proximal Forearm Allotransplantation: A Stepwise Approach
10:36

Vascularized Composite Hand Allograft Procurement and Preparation for Distal and Proximal Forearm Allotransplantation: A Stepwise Approach

Published on: May 23, 2025

  • Modified wrap-around procedures and partial toe transfers are detailed.
  • Vascularized growth cartilage transfer is crucial for maintaining phalanx growth in children.

    • Impact:

    • FVBT provides a durable solution for complex distal finger amputations.
    • This technique restores function for patients requiring fine motor skills, such as musicians.
    • Pediatric patients benefit from preserved growth potential, enabling continued finger development.