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Related Concept Videos

Decision Making01:20

Decision Making

Decision-making is a fundamental cognitive process that involves evaluating alternatives and selecting among them. This process can range from simple choices, such as deciding what to wear, to complex decisions, like choosing a major in college or a career path. The complexity of the decision often dictates the approach we use, which can be broadly categorized into two types: automatic and controlled decision-making.
Automatic decision-making is fast, intuitive, and relies on gut feelings...
High-Level and Low-Level Awareness01:19

High-Level and Low-Level Awareness

Controlled processes in human consciousness represent high-alert mental states where individuals deliberately focus their attention on achieving specific goals. Controlled processes can be seen in situations like mastering new technology, where a person might become so absorbed that they ignore surrounding distractions. Such processes involve selective attention, requiring one to concentrate on particular elements of experience while disregarding others. These are governed by executive...
Working Memory01:24

Working Memory

Working memory refers to a combination of components, including short-term memory and attention, that allow an individual to hold information temporarily as we perform cognitive tasks. It is an essential cognitive function that enables the execution of complex tasks such as problem-solving, comprehension, and reasoning. Unlike short-term memory, which simply involves the storage of information for a brief period, working memory involves the active manipulation and processing of this information.
Decision Making: Traditional Method01:14

Decision Making: Traditional Method

The process of hypothesis testing based on the traditional method includes calculating the critical value, testing the value of the test statistic using the sample data, and interpreting these values.
First, a specific claim about the population parameter is decided based on the research question and is stated in a simple form. Further, an opposing statement to this claim is also stated. These statements can act as null and alternative hypotheses, out of which a null hypothesis would be a...
Hindsight Biases01:12

Hindsight Biases

Hindsight bias leads you to believe that the event you just experienced was predictable, even though it really wasn’t. In other words, you knew all along that things would turn out the way they did. Can you relate this to the phrase "Hindsight is 20/20" now?
Reason and Intuition01:37

Reason and Intuition

The human brain processes information for decision-making using one of two routes: an intuitive system and a rational system (Epstein, 1994; popularized by Kahneman, 2011 as System 1 and System 2, respectively). The intuitive system is quick, impulsive, and operates with minimal effort, relying on emotions or habits to provide cues for what to do next, while the rational system is logical, analytical, deliberate, and methodical. Research in neuropsychology suggests that the brain can only use...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 6, 2026

A Real-world What-Where-When Memory Test
09:13

A Real-world What-Where-When Memory Test

Published on: May 16, 2017

Executive Function in the Real World: BRIEF lessons from Mark Ylvisaker.

Gerard A Gioia1, Lauren Kenworthy, Peter K Isquith

  • 1Division of Pediatric Neuropsychology, Children's National Medical Center and School of Medicine, George Washington University, Washington 20850, USA. ggioia@cnmc.org

The Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation
|November 16, 2010
PubMed
Summary

This study highlights the importance of real-world assessment for executive functions in children with traumatic brain injury. It reviews the Behavior Rating Inventory for Executive Function (BRIEF) as an ecological tool.

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Methods for Presenting Real-world Objects Under Controlled Laboratory Conditions
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Last Updated: Jun 6, 2026

A Real-world What-Where-When Memory Test
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Published on: May 16, 2017

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06:54

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Published on: June 21, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Psychology
  • Clinical Psychology

Background:

  • Traumatic brain injury (TBI) significantly impacts executive functions and their development in children and adolescents.
  • Mark Ylvisaker's work emphasized practical, real-world applications for assessing and treating executive function deficits post-TBI.
  • Traditional neuropsychological tests may not fully capture the impact of TBI on daily functioning.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the development of the Behavior Rating Inventory for Executive Function (BRIEF).
  • To highlight the importance of ecological assessment for children and adolescents with TBI.
  • To underscore the value of real-world context in assessing and intervening in executive functions.

Main Methods:

  • Review of the conceptual framework and development of the BRIEF.
  • Emphasis on ecological assessment principles derived from Ylvisaker's work.
  • Application of these principles to the assessment of executive functions in TBI.

Main Results:

  • The BRIEF offers an approach to ecological assessment of executive functions in TBI.
  • Real-world assessment provides more informative data than traditional neuropsychological measures alone.
  • Interventions focused on real-world functioning are most beneficial.

Conclusions:

  • Assessment and intervention for executive functions in TBI should prioritize everyday, real-world contexts.
  • Ylvisaker's pragmatic model continues to influence the development of effective assessment and intervention strategies.
  • Ecological assessment tools like the BRIEF are crucial for understanding and addressing executive function deficits in pediatric TBI.