Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jun 6, 2026

Rotating the Intraocular Lens to Prevent Posterior Capsular Opacification in Cataract Surgeries
Published on: July 7, 2023
Paraxial ocular rotation with astigmatic lenses
1Escola de Optica e Optometria, Universidade de Santiago, Campus Sul, Santiago de Compostela, Spain. joseramon.flores@usc.es
Purpose:
To obtain analytical formulas for calculating the ocular rotation and the prismatic effect with a general lens, centered or decentered, with particular reference to thick spherotoric spectacle lenses.
Methods:
Linear theory is used, using the symplectic properties of optical matrices, to derive the desired formulas.
Results:
By applying the general formulas to particular cases, the corresponding formulas are obtained, sometimes recovering formulas already known. Two examples serve to illustrate the use of the formulas obtained and to compare the results they provide with the ones obtained by exact ray tracing.
Conclusions:
The linear formulas derived allow to find, in a rather easy way, quite accurate values of the ocular rotation and the prismatic effect in the paraxial region.
Related Concept Videos
Focusing of Light in the Eye
Accessory Structures of the Eye
Angle Closure Glaucoma: Treatment
Open Angle Glaucoma: Treatment
Drugs such as carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, α2- and...
Muscles of the Eye
Extraocular Muscles
The six extraocular muscles surround the eyeball and control its movements. They are responsible for a wide range of eye motions, including looking up, down, left, right, and rotating...
Eccentric Axial Loading in a Plane of Symmetry
