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Related Concept Videos

Improving Translational Accuracy02:07

Improving Translational Accuracy

Base complementarity between the three base pairs of mRNA codon and the tRNA anticodon is not a failsafe mechanism. Inaccuracies can range from a single mismatch to no correct base pairing at all. The free energy difference between the correct and nearly correct base pairs can be as small as 3 kcal/ mol. With complementarity being the only proofreading step, the estimated error frequency would be one wrong amino acid in every 100 amino acids incorporated. However, error frequencies observed in...
Improving Translational Accuracy02:07

Improving Translational Accuracy

Base complementarity between the three base pairs of mRNA codon and the tRNA anticodon is not a failsafe mechanism. Inaccuracies can range from a single mismatch to no correct base pairing at all. The free energy difference between the correct and nearly correct base pairs can be as small as 3 kcal/ mol. With complementarity being the only proofreading step, the estimated error frequency would be one wrong amino acid in every 100 amino acids incorporated. However, error frequencies observed in...
Translation01:31

Translation

Lesson: Translation
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of Life
Translation01:31

Translation

Lesson: Translation
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of Life
Translational Regulation01:29

Translational Regulation

Translational regulation in prokaryotes ensures efficient protein synthesis by controlling ribosome access to mRNA. This regulation is mediated by secondary RNA structures, including translational riboswitches, RNA thermometers, and small RNAs (sRNAs), which respond to intracellular and environmental signals to modulate gene expression.Translational RiboswitchesRiboswitches in the leader region of mRNAs can regulate translation by altering the accessibility of the Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequence,...
Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps01:23

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the addition of a...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 6, 2026

Measurement of Specific Mycobacterial Mistranslation Rates with Gain-of-function Reporter Systems
06:18

Measurement of Specific Mycobacterial Mistranslation Rates with Gain-of-function Reporter Systems

Published on: April 26, 2019

Cellular mechanisms that control mistranslation.

Noah M Reynolds1, Beth A Lazazzera, Michael Ibba

  • 1Department of Microbiology, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.

Nature Reviews. Microbiology
|November 17, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Mistranslation, errors in protein synthesis, is variable in vivo. Understanding translation quality control reveals how these errors impact growth and viability positively or negatively.

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Xenopus laevis as a Model to Identify Translation Impairment
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Toeprinting Analysis of Translation Initiation Complex Formation on Mammalian mRNAs

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Last Updated: Jun 6, 2026

Measurement of Specific Mycobacterial Mistranslation Rates with Gain-of-function Reporter Systems
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Published on: April 26, 2019

Xenopus laevis as a Model to Identify Translation Impairment
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Published on: September 27, 2015

Toeprinting Analysis of Translation Initiation Complex Formation on Mammalian mRNAs
10:37

Toeprinting Analysis of Translation Initiation Complex Formation on Mammalian mRNAs

Published on: May 10, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Mistranslation introduces errors during protein synthesis, incorporating incorrect amino acids.
  • Recent studies show in vivo mistranslation rates are variable, not fixed.
  • Protein synthesis fidelity is crucial for cellular function.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review mechanisms controlling mistranslation.
  • To compare in vitro and in vivo findings on translation quality control.
  • To explore the variable effects of mistranslation on growth and viability.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on mistranslation.
  • Comparative analysis of in vitro and in vivo data.
  • Examination of translation quality control steps.

Main Results:

  • Mistranslation rates vary with growth conditions and species.
  • Translation quality control mechanisms are dynamic.
  • Mistranslation can confer both advantages and disadvantages for cell growth.

Conclusions:

  • Mistranslation is a regulated process with significant biological implications.
  • Understanding mistranslation variability offers insights into cellular adaptation.
  • Further research into mistranslation is vital for comprehending protein synthesis fidelity.