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This lesson details the instrumentation of a mass spectrometer—a physical instrument to perform mass spectrometry on analyte molecules and record the characteristic mass spectra. This is achieved via three chief functions:
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Tandem mass spectrometry, also known as MS/MS or MS2, is an analytical technique that employs two mass analyzers. Essentially it is a series of mass spectrometers that helps isolate a particular biomolecule and then helps study its chemical properties.
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The mass analyzer is a crucial component of the mass spectrometer. In the ionization chamber, the vaporized sample is bombarded with a high-energy electron beam to generate a radical cation and further fragment into neutral molecules, radicals, and cations. A series of negatively charged accelerator plates accelerate the cations into the mass analyzer. The mass analyzer separates ions according to their mass-to-charge (m/z) ratios and then directs them to the detector. The common types of mass...
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The quadrupole mass analyzer consists of four cylindrical metal rods arranged in a diamond carrying a DC voltage and a radio-frequency AC voltage. The motion of ions through the quadrupole depends on the field strength, causing only ions of a certain m/z to resonate successfully and strike the detector at a given field strength. Though the transmission rate for these analyzers is high, the exact elemental composition of the sample is not determined because of low resolution; however, they are...
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Mass spectrometry is an important technique for the identification of pure compounds. However, it has some limitations for the analysis of complex mixtures, often due to excessive fragmentation making the spectrum too complicated to decipher. Mass spectrometry can be combined with suitable separation methods in sequence, forming hyphenated methods, which are useful in the analysis of complex mixtures.
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Tandem mass spectrometry is a technique that uses multiple mass analyzers in series to obtain a higher selectivity and reduce chemical noise during analyte detection. Instruments with multiple analyzers separated by an interaction cell enable secondary fragmentation and selected study of the fragment ions.Secondary fragmentations occur in the interaction cell and can be induced by various factors. Fragmentation induced by collision with inert gases, such as N2, Ar, He, etc., is called...
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Advances in bioanalytical LC-MS using the Orbitrap™ mass analyzer.

Michaela Scigelova1, Alexander Makarov

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The Orbitrap mass analyzer offers high resolution, mass accuracy, and dynamic range for analyzing complex biological samples. Its applications in drug metabolism, doping control, and food contaminant analysis demonstrate its versatility in bioanalysis.

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Area of Science:

  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Biochemistry
  • Mass Spectrometry

Background:

  • Analyzing complex biological samples requires advanced analytical techniques.
  • Mass spectrometry (MS) is crucial for metabolite identification and structural characterization.
  • High demands are placed on speed, dynamic range, and quantitative capability in bioanalysis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the key properties of the Orbitrap mass analyzer.
  • To provide an overview of Orbitrap applications in bioanalysis.
  • To illustrate the performance and versatility of the Orbitrap in specific fields.

Main Methods:

  • Discussion of Orbitrap mass analyzer properties: mass accuracy, resolution, isotope pattern fidelity, and dynamic range.
  • Review of Orbitrap applications in drug metabolism, doping control, and food contaminant analysis.
  • Utilizing tandem MS for structural characterization.

Main Results:

  • The Orbitrap mass analyzer exhibits high mass accuracy, resolution, and dynamic range.
  • Demonstrated utility in identifying metabolites in complex mixtures.
  • Effective application in drug metabolism, doping control, and food contaminant analysis.

Conclusions:

  • The Orbitrap mass analyzer is a versatile tool for bioanalysis.
  • Its performance characteristics are well-suited for demanding applications.
  • The Orbitrap facilitates reliable metabolite identification and structural characterization.