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Antigen Presenting Cells

Antigen Presenting Cells

The immune system is a complex network of cells and molecules that protects the body from foreign invaders. T cells, a type of white blood cell, play a crucial role in this process. They recognize and attack foreign substances, such as pathogens, that enter the body.
T cells require the help of antigen-presenting cells (APCs), which process foreign antigens into smaller fragments that can be recognized by T cells. These APCs are highly specialized cells that efficiently internalize antigens...

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
Complete antigens possess both immunogenicity and reactivity.

Liver Regeneration

Liver Regeneration

The liver is an important organ in vertebrates that plays an essential role in metabolism. It is also responsible for storing and redistributing nutrients such as carbohydrates, fats, and vitamins in the body. Additionally, the liver releases bile salts which are critical for digesting food and eliminating toxic metabolites from the body.
Cells of Liver
The liver comprises four major types of cells— hepatocytes, stellate, Kupffer, and sinusoidal endothelial cells. The hepatocytes are large...

Secondary Lymphoid Organs

Secondary Lymphoid Organs

Secondary organs, including lymph nodes, the spleen, and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT), work harmoniously to protect us from disease and infection.
The spleen is a vital organ in the lymphatic system, nestled in the upper left side of the abdomen. It is composed of two primary regions: the red pulp and the white pulp, each having distinct functions. The red pulp performs a significant role in blood filtration. It efficiently purges the blood of old or damaged red blood cells and...

Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response

Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response

The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...

Antigen Processing Pathways

Antigen Processing Pathways

MHC molecules are key players in the immune response, enabling T cells to recognize and respond to specific antigens. They are present on the surface of all nucleated cells in the body and are instrumental in presenting antigens to T cells and activating them. T cells recognize the MHC-antigen complex and initiate an immune response. MHC class I and MHC class II are two main types of MHC molecules, each associated with a distinct antigen processing pathway.
MHC Class I: Presenting Endogenous...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 6, 2026

Selective Harvesting of Marginating-hepatic Leukocytes

Selective Harvesting of Marginating-hepatic Leukocytes

Published on: July 21, 2016

Liver antigen-presenting cells.

Ian Nicholas Crispe¹

¹Malaria Program, Seattle BioMed, Seattle, WA, USA. nick.crispe@seattlebiomed.org

Journal of Hepatology

|November 19, 2010

Summary

Pathogens evade immune clearance in the liver through mechanisms favoring immune tolerance. This review critically examines how liver antigen presentation by various immune cells induces this local tolerance, despite controversial findings.

Area of Science:

Immunology
Hepatology
Cell Biology

Background:

The liver is a site where pathogens frequently establish chronic infections by evading immune clearance.
Immune responses within the liver are often biased towards a state of tolerance, hindering pathogen eradication.

Purpose of the Study:

To critically review the mechanisms of antigen presentation in the liver that contribute to intrahepatic immune tolerance.
To explore the roles of different antigen-presenting cell subsets in inducing immune suppression within the liver.

Main Methods:

Literature review of experimental studies on liver immunology and antigen presentation.
Critical analysis of controversial and contradictory findings in the field.
Focus on dendritic cell subsets and unconventional antigen-presenting cells.

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HLA-Ig Based Artificial Antigen Presenting Cells for Efficient ex vivo Expansion of Human CTL

HLA-Ig Based Artificial Antigen Presenting Cells for Efficient ex vivo Expansion of Human CTL

Published on: April 11, 2011

Digestion of the Murine Liver for a Flow Cytometric Analysis of Lymphatic Endothelial Cells

Digestion of the Murine Liver for a Flow Cytometric Analysis of Lymphatic Endothelial Cells

Published on: January 7, 2019

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Last Updated: Jun 6, 2026

Selective Harvesting of Marginating-hepatic Leukocytes

Selective Harvesting of Marginating-hepatic Leukocytes

Published on: July 21, 2016

HLA-Ig Based Artificial Antigen Presenting Cells for Efficient ex vivo Expansion of Human CTL

HLA-Ig Based Artificial Antigen Presenting Cells for Efficient ex vivo Expansion of Human CTL

Published on: April 11, 2011

Digestion of the Murine Liver for a Flow Cytometric Analysis of Lymphatic Endothelial Cells

Digestion of the Murine Liver for a Flow Cytometric Analysis of Lymphatic Endothelial Cells

Published on: January 7, 2019

Main Results:

Evidence suggests diverse liver dendritic cell subsets and unconventional antigen-presenting cells contribute to immune suppression.
The precise mechanisms of antigen handling and T cell priming in the liver remain incompletely understood.
Existing literature presents a complex and sometimes contradictory picture of liver immune regulation.

Conclusions:

Antigen presentation in the liver plays a crucial role in inducing local immune tolerance, facilitating pathogen chronicity.
A unified model of liver antigen presentation and T cell priming is challenging due to conflicting data.
Further research is needed to reconcile the current understanding of immune suppression in the liver.