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Related Concept Videos

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes01:23

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes

In the absence of an external magnetic field, nuclear spin states are degenerate and randomly oriented. When a magnetic field is applied, the spins begin to precess and orient themselves along (lower energy) or against (higher energy) the direction of the field. At equilibrium, a slight excess population of spins exists in the lower energy state. Because the direction of the magnetic field is fixed as the z-axis,  the precessing magnetic moments are randomly oriented around the z-axis. This...
Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Population Distribution01:14

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Population Distribution

Near absolute zero temperatures, in the presence of a magnetic field, the majority of nuclei prefer the lower energy spin-up state to the higher energy spin-down state. As temperatures increase, the energy from thermal collisions distributes the spins more equally between the two states. The Boltzmann distribution equation gives the ratio of the number of spins predicted in the spin −½ (N−) and spin +½ (N+) states.
Nuclear Overhauser Enhancement (NOE)01:06

Nuclear Overhauser Enhancement (NOE)

Irradiation of a spin-active nucleus causes an increase or decrease in the signal intensity of neighboring nuclei that are not necessarily chemically bonded or involved in J-coupling. This phenomenon, called the nuclear Overhauser enhancement (NOE), results from through-space interactions between the nuclear spins. The NOE effect decreases with increasing internuclear distance and is generally not observed beyond 4 angstroms. In NOE, dipole-dipole interactions between neighboring spin-active...
Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview01:03

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NMR-active nuclei have energy levels called 'spin states' that are associated with the orientations of their nuclear magnetic moments. In the absence of a magnetic field, the nuclear magnetic moments are randomly oriented, and the spin states are degenerate. When an external magnetic field is applied, the spin states have only 2 + 1 orientations available to them. A proton with = ½ has two available orientations. Similarly, for a quadrupolar nucleus with a nuclear spin value of one, the...
Nuclear Stability03:18

Nuclear Stability

Protons and neutrons, collectively called nucleons, are packed together tightly in a nucleus. With a radius of about 10−15 meters, a nucleus is quite small compared to the radius of the entire atom, which is about 10−10 meters. Nuclei are extremely dense compared to bulk matter, averaging 1.8 × 1014 grams per cubic centimeter. If the earth’s density were equal to the average nuclear density, the earth’s radius would be only about 200 meters.
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Potential Due to a Polarized Object01:29

Potential Due to a Polarized Object

A neutral atom consists of a positively charged nucleus surrounded by a negatively charged electron cloud. When placed in an external electric field, the external electric force pulls the electrons and nucleus apart, opposite to the intrinsic attraction between the nucleus and the electrons. The opposing forces balance each other with a slight shift between the center of masses of the nucleus and the electron cloud, resulting in a polarized atom. On the other hand, a few molecules, like water,...

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Preparation of Fungal and Plant Materials for Structural Elucidation Using Dynamic Nuclear Polarization Solid-State NMR
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Theoretical aspects of dynamic nuclear polarization in the solid state - the solid effect.

Yonatan Hovav1, Akiva Feintuch, Shimon Vega

  • 1Department of Chemical Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.

Journal of Magnetic Resonance (San Diego, Calif. : 1997)
|November 19, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) enhances NMR and MRI signals by transferring electron polarization to nuclei. This study numerically explores the Solid Effect mechanism in solid-state systems, detailing factors influencing polarization enhancement.

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Area of Science:

  • Solid-state Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy
  • Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
  • Quantum spin dynamics

Background:

  • Dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) is a technique to enhance NMR and MRI signals.
  • The DNP mechanism involves microwave irradiation for polarization transfer from electrons to nuclei.
  • Advances in experimental techniques have increased DNP's popularity for chemical and biological applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To numerically investigate nuclear polarization enhancements in solid-state model systems under high magnetic fields.
  • To analyze the influence of various parameters on DNP enhancement via the Solid Effect mechanism.
  • To understand polarization transfer from core nuclei to bulk nuclei through spin diffusion.

Main Methods:

  • Numerical calculations utilizing the spin density operator formalism.
  • Modeling of spin systems with low electron concentrations, neglecting electron-electron dipolar interactions.
  • Focus on the Solid Effect mechanism for DNP enhancement.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated dependence of nuclear polarization enhancement on microwave power and frequency.
  • Quantified the impact of hyperfine and nuclear dipole-dipole interactions on DNP.
  • Showcased the role of relaxation parameters in the polarization enhancement process.

Conclusions:

  • The Solid Effect mechanism effectively describes DNP enhancement in low-concentration solid systems.
  • Nuclear concentration and relaxation significantly influence polarization transfer to bulk nuclei.
  • Numerical calculations provide a framework for optimizing DNP experiments.