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Related Concept Videos

Problem Solving on Stress and Strain01:22

Problem Solving on Stress and Strain

Stress is a quantity that describes the magnitude of a force that causes deformation, generally defined as internal force per unit area. When forces pull on an object and cause its elongation, like the stretching of an elastic band, it is called tensile stress. When forces cause the compression of an object, it is known as compressive stress. When an object is being squeezed uniformly from all sides, like a submarine in the depths of the ocean, we call this kind of stress bulk stress (or volume...
SDS-PAGE01:27

SDS-PAGE

Gel electrophoresis is a method that separates biological macromolecules like nucleic acids or proteins by forcing them to pass through a gel matrix under an electric field.
A variation of gel electrophoresis, termed  polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE), is commonly used for separating proteins according to their molecular size by passing them through a polyacrylamide gel. Because of the varying charges associated with amino acid side chains, PAGE can be used to separate intact proteins...
Protein Denaturation01:28

Protein Denaturation

The function of proteins depends on their native three-dimensional structure, which is dictated by the amino acid sequence of the specific protein. Folding of the polypeptide chain takes place under specific conditions that energetically favor the folded conformation. In contrast, protein denaturation occurs spontaneously under unfavorable conditions that disrupt the integrity of the folded conformation. Thus, the chemical and physical environment of a protein, such as significant changes in pH...
Shearing Stress01:18

Shearing Stress

Shearing stress, denoted by the Greek letter tau (τ), is stress caused by forces acting transversely on an object. These forces create internal ones within the entity in the plane where the external forces are applied. The resultant of these internal forces is the shear in the section.
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Protein Folding01:22

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Overview
Protein Folding01:25

Protein Folding

Proteins are chains of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds. Upon synthesis, a protein folds into a three-dimensional conformation, critical to its biological function. Interactions between its constituent amino acids guide protein folding, and hence the protein structure is primarily dependent on its amino acid sequence.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 6, 2026

Ensemble Force Spectroscopy by Shear Forces
07:30

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Published on: July 26, 2022

Effects of shear on proteins in solution.

C R Thomas1, D Geer

  • 1School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK. c.r.thomas@bham.ac.uk

Biotechnology Letters
|November 19, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Shear forces alone rarely damage proteins in solution. Instead, damage often results from interfacial phenomena, such as moving gas-liquid interfaces or nanoparticles, impacting therapeutic protein quality and patient safety.

Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Protein Chemistry
  • Fluid Mechanics

Background:

  • Decades of research have investigated protein denaturation by shear during processing.
  • Recent concerns focus on the impact of shear and related effects on therapeutic protein quality.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To clarify the mechanisms of protein damage in solution during processing.
  • To differentiate between true shear effects and interfacial phenomena.

Main Methods:

  • Review of historical and recent research on protein behavior under mechanical stress.
  • Analysis of fluid mechanical shear versus interfacial phenomena.

Main Results:

  • Fluid mechanical shear alone is unlikely to damage most proteins.

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  • Moving gas-liquid interfaces are particularly detrimental to protein stability.
  • Protein aggregation on nanoparticles from solid surfaces is a significant safety concern.

    • Conclusions:

    • Labeling all protein damage as "shear" is inaccurate and hinders understanding.
    • Interfacial phenomena, not shear itself, are the primary drivers of protein damage in many processing scenarios.
    • Accurate identification of damage mechanisms is crucial for ensuring therapeutic protein quality and patient safety.