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Related Concept Videos

Urinary Tract Calculi II: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations01:26

Urinary Tract Calculi II: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations

Renal calculi, commonly termed kidney stones, are crystalline solid masses that form in the kidneys but can occur at any point within the urinary system, encompassing the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.The pathophysiology of renal stones involves several key factors: supersaturation of the urine with stone-forming constituents, changes in urine pH, a decrease in urine volume, and the presence of substances that promote or inhibit stone formation.Supersaturation of Urine: This is the...
Nursing Assessment of the Genitourinary System I: Health History01:21

Nursing Assessment of the Genitourinary System I: Health History

The genitourinary system is critical to maintaining fluid balance, waste elimination, and reproductive function. Nurses play a vital role in assessing this system, beginning with a thorough health history. This process involves gathering patient information, identifying risk factors, and recognizing symptoms of genitourinary disorders. Early detection is vital for timely interventions and management.1. Gathering Patient InformationA complete health history includes the patient’s personal,...
Urinary Bladder01:23

Urinary Bladder

The urinary bladder is a hollow, muscular sac that temporarily stores urine before it is expelled from the body. It can hold approximately 600 mL of urine prior to micturition. The bladder is retroperitoneal and located behind the pubic symphysis in the pelvic floor.
In males, the bladder is situated in front of the rectum, while in females, it is positioned anterior to the vagina and uterus. The bladder floor contains an inverted triangular area called the trigone, defined by the two ureteric...
Urinary Tract Calculi V: Nursing Management01:28

Urinary Tract Calculi V: Nursing Management

AssessmentSubjective Data: Obtain a detailed health history, including any recent or chronic urinary tract infections, periods of immobilization, previous episodes of renal calculi, and medical conditions such as gout, benign prostatic hyperplasia, or hyperparathyroidism. Review the medication history for drugs that may influence stone formation, including allopurinol, analgesics, loop diuretics, or thiazide diuretics. Document the use of long-term indwelling catheters and any past surgical...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 6, 2026

An Orthotopic Bladder Cancer Model for Gene Delivery Studies
07:48

An Orthotopic Bladder Cancer Model for Gene Delivery Studies

Published on: December 1, 2013

[Neuroendocrine bladder cancer: oncological emergency?].

C Fiorito, I Lucca, M Oderda

    Urologia
    |November 19, 2010
    PubMed
    Summary

    Neuroendocrine bladder cancer, a rare and aggressive malignancy, has a poor prognosis. Prompt radical surgery and systematic pathological investigation are crucial for effective treatment, not just palliative care.

    Related Experiment Videos

    Last Updated: Jun 6, 2026

    An Orthotopic Bladder Cancer Model for Gene Delivery Studies
    07:48

    An Orthotopic Bladder Cancer Model for Gene Delivery Studies

    Published on: December 1, 2013

    Area of Science:

    • Urology
    • Oncology
    • Pathology

    Context:

    • Neuroendocrine bladder cancer is a rare condition with a poor prognosis.
    • No clear link exists between neuroendocrine phenotype and clinical history in bladder cancers.
    • Untreated, the 5-year survival rate for this cancer does not exceed 8%.

    Purpose:

    • To describe three case reports of aggressive bladder carcinoma with neuroendocrine differentiation.
    • To highlight the challenges in managing this rare and aggressive tumor type.
    • To emphasize the need for prompt, aggressive therapeutic interventions.

    Summary:

    • This study presents three cases of aggressive neuroendocrine bladder carcinoma.
    • Current treatments include radical cystectomy, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy, but no gold standard exists.
    • The aggressive nature necessitates viewing these tumors as oncological emergencies.

    Impact:

    • Early diagnosis and intervention, including radical surgery and lymph node dissection, are vital.
    • Systematic pathological examination of surgical specimens is essential for accurate staging and treatment planning.
    • Further research into neoadjuvant chemotherapy and targeted therapies is needed to establish new treatment guidelines.