Effects of multiscale anisotropy on basin and hyporheic groundwater flow

Various subsurface flow systems exhibit a combination of small-scale to large-scale anisotropy in hydraulic conductivity (K). The large-scale anisotropy results from systematic trends (e.g., exponential decrease or increase) of K with depth. We present a general two-dimensional solution for calculation of topography-driven groundwater flow considering both small- and large-scale anisotropy in K. This solution can be applied to diverse systems with arbitrary head distribution and geometry of the water table boundary, such as basin or hyporheic flow. In a special case, this solution reduces to the well-known Tóth model of uniform isotropic basin. We introduce an integral measure of flushing intensity that quantifies flushing at different depths. Using this solution, we simulate heads and streamlines and provide analyses of flow structure in the flow domain, relevant to basin analyses or hyporheic flow. It is shown that interactions between small-scale anisotropy and large-scale anisotropy strongly control the flow structure. In the classic Tóth flow model, the flushing intensity curves exhibit quasi-exponential decrease with depth. The new measure is capable of capturing subtle changes in the flow structure. Our study shows that both small- and large-scale anisotropy characteristics have substantial effects that need to be integrated into analysis of topography-driven flow.