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Method to Measure Tone of Axial and Proximal Muscle
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Published on: December 14, 2011

Are tones phones?

Denis Burnham1, Jeesun Kim, Chris Davis

  • 1MARCS Auditory Laboratories, University of Western Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 1797, Australia. d.burnham@uws.edu.au

Journal of Experimental Child Psychology
|November 20, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Phonological awareness (PA) and tonological awareness (TA) were compared in Thai, Cantonese, and English speakers. Orthographic depth and education level significantly impacted PA and TA, revealing a phone-perceptual advantage influenced by writing systems and linguistic maturity.

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Area of Science:

  • Psycholinguistics
  • Phonetics
  • Cognitive Science

Background:

  • Lexical tones and phones are fundamental units of speech.
  • Understanding the psycholinguistic representation of these units is crucial for language acquisition and processing.
  • Phonological awareness (PA) and tonological awareness (TA) serve as key indicators of this representation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the psycholinguistic status of lexical tones and phones across different languages and educational backgrounds.
  • To examine the interplay between phonological and tonological awareness and factors like script type, orthographic explicitness, and metalinguistic maturity.
  • To determine the perceptual advantage of phones over tones and how it is modulated by linguistic and educational factors.

Main Methods:

  • Cross-linguistic comparison of phonological and tonological awareness in Thai (tonal, alphabetic), Cantonese (tonal, logographic), and English (non-tonal, alphabetic) speakers.
  • Inclusion of participants across different age groups and educational levels (primary, tertiary).
  • Regression analyses to identify predictors of PA and TA, including reading ability and general non-orthographic variables.

Main Results:

  • In Thai speakers, PA consistently exceeded TA, with TA improving to PA levels only in tertiary-educated adults.
  • Cantonese speakers showed better PA than TA across educational levels, with tertiary-educated adults' performance below that of their Thai counterparts.
  • English speakers demonstrated better PA than TA, with reading ability predicting PA but not TA, unlike Cantonese children who relied on general age-related variables.

Conclusions:

  • A phone-perceptual advantage over tones exists, modulated by the orthographic system and metalinguistic maturity.
  • The availability of orthographically explicit information significantly influences the development and interplay of PA and TA.
  • Perception and psycholinguistic representation of phones and tones differ, highlighting the impact of language-specific features and educational experiences.