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Diabetes: Management and Pharmacotherapy

Diabetes: Management and Pharmacotherapy

The therapy for diabetes aims to alleviate hyperglycemia-related symptoms, prevent acute metabolic decompensation, and reduce chronic end-organ complications. Glycemic control is evaluated through short-term (self-monitoring, continuous glucose monitoring) and long-term (A1c, fructosamine) metrics, enabling near real-time tracking of blood glucose levels and reflecting glycemic control over specific time frames.
Insulin remains the cornerstone of treatment for most patients with type 1 and many...

Insulin: Dosing Regimen and Adverse Effects

Insulin: Dosing Regimen and Adverse Effects

Insulin-replacement therapy usually includes both long-acting insulin (basal) and short-acting insulin (to cater to postprandial needs). In a diverse group of type 1 diabetes patients, the average daily insulin dose is typically 0.5-0.7 units/kg body weight. However, obese patients and pubertal adolescents may need more due to insulin resistance.
The basal dose constitutes about 40%-50% of the total daily dose, with the rest as premeal insulin. The mealtime insulin dose should mirror...

Insulin: Biosynthesis, Chemistry, and Preparation

Insulin: Biosynthesis, Chemistry, and Preparation

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of pancreatic β-cells synthesizes preproinsulin, which consists of a signal peptide, A and B chains, and a C-peptide. Preproinsulin is then cleaved and folded into proinsulin, which translocates to the Golgi apparatus for sorting and packaging into secretory granules. In these granules, enzymatic clipping generates insulin and C-peptide.
Damage or functional impairment of β-cells inhibits insulin production, leading to diabetes. Diabetes treatment primarily uses...

Hyperglycemia

Hyperglycemia

Hyperglycemia is an abnormally high blood glucose level. It is diagnosed by fasting glucose ≥126 mg/dL, 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test (or OGTT) ≥200 mg/dL, random glucose ≥200 mg/dL with symptoms, or HbA1c ≥6.5%. However, HbA1c results may be unreliable in certain conditions, such as anemia or hemoglobinopathies, and the diagnosis should be confirmed unless classic symptoms are present. Postprandial hyperglycemia is typically considered significant when glucose levels exceed 180 mg/dL two...

Insulin Formulations: Types and Delivery

Insulin Formulations: Types and Delivery

Insulin preparations are categorized by their duration of action into short-acting and long-acting types. Two strategies are used to modify insulin's absorption and pharmacokinetic profile: slowing the absorption post-subcutaneous injection, or altering human insulin's amino acid sequence or protein structure. These changes retain the insulin's ability to bind to the insulin receptor, but alter its behavior in solution or after injection.
Short-acting insulins are divided into rapid-acting...

Diabetes Mellitus: Introduction

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Diabetes mellitus consists of chronic metabolic disorders characterized by persistent hyperglycemia. This elevated blood glucose results from defects in insulin secretion, impaired insulin action, or both. Insulin, produced by pancreatic β-cells, is essential for maintaining glucose homeostasis by facilitating cellular glucose uptake for energy or storage. Disruptions in insulin production or function lead to glucose accumulation in the bloodstream, causing the clinical features and long-term...

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Updated: Jun 6, 2026

Improving IV Insulin Administration in a Community Hospital

Improving IV Insulin Administration in a Community Hospital

Published on: June 11, 2012

A week-long diabetes simulation for pharmacy students.

Deirdre Delea¹, Sarah Shrader, Cynthia Phillips

¹Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, USA.

American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education

|November 20, 2010

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Pharmacy students showed improved attitudes toward patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and increased confidence in diabetes self-management education after a week-long simulation. This experience enhanced their understanding of the disease's impact.

Keywords:

assessment attitude diabetes simulation

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Last Updated: Jun 6, 2026

Improving IV Insulin Administration in a Community Hospital

Improving IV Insulin Administration in a Community Hospital

Published on: June 11, 2012

Area of Science:

Medical Education
Diabetes Mellitus Research
Patient Simulation

Background:

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) requires comprehensive patient education for effective self-management.
Pharmacy students need to develop both knowledge and empathetic attitudes towards patients with chronic conditions like T2DM.
Current educational methods may not fully capture the patient experience of living with diabetes.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate the impact of a simulated diabetes experience on pharmacy students' attitudes and confidence in diabetes self-management education.
To assess changes in students' understanding of T2DM's psychosocial aspects and patient autonomy.

Main Methods:

Third-year pharmacy students participated in a week-long "Living With Diabetes Week" simulation.
The curriculum included lectures, interactive laboratory sessions, and a patient simulation.
Pre-/postintervention surveys and control group comparisons measured changes in attitudes and confidence.

Main Results:

Students demonstrated increased understanding of the psychosocial impact of diabetes and the importance of patient autonomy.
Confidence in providing diabetes self-management education significantly improved post-simulation.
Attitudes towards patients with diabetes became more informed and empathetic.

Conclusions:

The "Living With Diabetes Week" simulation effectively enhanced pharmacy students' attitudes towards patients with diabetes.
The experiential learning approach successfully increased students' confidence in diabetes education skills.
Simulation-based education is a valuable tool for improving healthcare professionals' understanding and empathy in chronic disease management.