Risk factors for INSURE failure in preterm infants
Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jun 6, 2026

Modeling Encephalopathy of Prematurity Using Prenatal Hypoxia-ischemia with Intra-amniotic Lipopolysaccharide in Rats
Published on: November 20, 2015
1Department of Surgical and Medical Critical Care, Section of Neonatology, Careggi University Hospital of Florence, Florence, Italy.
Abstract:
The INSURE (Intubation-surfactant-extubation) method has been found to reduce the need for MV, the duration of respiratory support, and the need for surfactant in preterm infants with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). However, this method fails in some patients. We demonstrated that a birth weight <750 g, pO2/FiO2 <218, and a/ApO2 < 0.44 at the first blood gas analysis were independent risk factor for INSURE failure in infants with gestational age <30 weeks. Moreover, we demonstrated that INSURE treatment can be repeated being the respiratory outcome similar in infants treated with single or multiple INSURE procedures. Thus, it is possible that the multiple INSURE strategy might decrease the failure rate of INSURE and increase its effectiveness in preventing the need for mechanical ventilation (MV).
Related Concept Videos
Teratogenicity
Development of the Oral Microbiota
Acute Respiratory Failure-II
The underlying physiological abnormalities that contribute to hypoxemic respiratory failure include:
Pathophysiology of Diabetes
Type 1 diabetes is characterized by autoimmune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β cells, with environmental factors potentially triggering this process in genetically susceptible individuals. Despite many not having a family history, certain genes increase susceptibility, suggesting a...
Acute Respiratory Failure-I
Definition: It is defined by specific criteria based on blood gas measurements. Hypoxemia happens when the partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) falls below 60 mmHg. At the same time,...
Factors Affecting the Risk of Infection
The integrity and count of the white blood cells help the body resist pathogens and fight infection. When impaired, it reduces the body's resistance to pathogens. The acidic pH levels of the gastrointestinal, genitourinary tracts, and skin create...

