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Related Concept Videos

Immunodeficiency Diseases01:25

Immunodeficiency Diseases

Immunodeficiency disorders are conditions in which the immune system's ability to fight infectious disease and cancer is compromised or entirely absent. The immune system comprises a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to protect the body from potentially harmful invaders. When this system is deficient or not functioning properly, it leaves the body susceptible to infections, diseases, or other complications.
There are three main causes of immunodeficiency disorders...
Vaccinations01:51

Vaccinations

Overview
Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens01:29

Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens

The immune system's response to viral infections is a complex and coordinated process involving natural killer (NK) cells, T cell-mediated responses, and antibody-mediated responses.
NK Cells
NK cells are a crucial part of our innate immune system, acting as the first line of defense against viral infections. These cells can recognize and kill infected cells without prior exposure to the virus, effectively slowing down the spread of infection. Additionally, NK cells produce proinflammatory...
Immune Surveillance by NK Cells and Phagocytes01:25

Immune Surveillance by NK Cells and Phagocytes

Immune surveillance is an integral part of the innate immune system, involving the continuous monitoring of peripheral tissues to detect and respond to pathogens, infected cells, or cancerous cells. This surveillance is conducted primarily by natural killer (NK) cells and phagocytes, which employ distinct but complementary mechanisms to identify and eliminate threats.
Natural Killer Cells: The Fast Responders
NK cells are large granular lymphocytes found in the blood and lymphatic system. These...
Development of Immunocompetence01:22

Development of Immunocompetence

The initiation of cell-mediated immunity can be observed as early as the third month of fetal growth, with active antibody-mediated immunity following approximately one month later.
The initial cells that migrate from the fetal thymus settle within the skin and epithelial tissues lining the mouth, digestive tract, and in females, the uterus and vagina. These cells, including skin-based dendritic cells, serve as antigen-presenting cells, playing a key role in T cell activation.
Subsequent T...
Immunological Memory01:23

Immunological Memory

Immunological memory, a pivotal pillar of the adaptive immune system, is responsible for the body's ability to remember and respond more swiftly and effectively to previously encountered pathogens. This remarkable feature is what makes vaccines so effective in preventing diseases.
What is Immunological Memory?
Immunological memory is an integral function of the immune system that allows it to recognize and react more rapidly and effectively to pathogens previously encountered. This feature is...

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Assessing Respiratory Immune Responses to Haemophilus Influenzae
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Immunisation coverage annual report, 2008.

Brynley P Hull1, Deepika Mahajan, Aditi Dey

  • 1National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance of Vaccine Preventable Diseases, The Children's Hospital at Westmead and University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales.

Communicable Diseases Intelligence Quarterly Report
|November 25, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Australian childhood immunisation coverage met targets for 12 and 24-month-olds in 2008, but not 5-year-olds. Delayed vaccination remains a challenge, particularly for Indigenous children, despite similar overall coverage rates.

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Area of Science:

  • Public Health
  • Immunisation Policy
  • Child Health Surveillance

Background:

  • The Australian Childhood Immunisation Register (ACIR) provides essential data for monitoring national vaccination trends.
  • Understanding immunisation coverage is crucial for assessing progress towards herd immunity and disease prevention.
  • The National Immunisation Program (NIP) outlines recommended vaccines for Australian children.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To report on 2008 immunisation coverage trends for Australian children using ACIR data.
  • To assess coverage against national targets at key developmental milestones.
  • To examine coverage by Indigenous status, geographic area, and vaccination timeliness.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of Australian Childhood Immunisation Register data for the 2008 calendar year.
  • Calculation of overall immunisation coverage at 12, 24 months, and 5 years of age.
  • Assessment of coverage for individual vaccines on the National Immunisation Program (NIP).

Main Results:

  • National Immunisation Program targets were met for children at 12 and 24 months, but not at 5 years.
  • Coverage at 24 months exceeded 12 months, potentially due to delayed immunisation and incentives.
  • Suboptimal coverage was observed for rotavirus, varicella, hepatitis A, and pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccines, especially in Indigenous children.

Conclusions:

  • While overall immunisation targets are met for younger children, delays in vaccination persist, particularly for Indigenous children.
  • Specific vaccines, including those recommended for Indigenous children, show lower coverage rates.
  • Addressing vaccination timeliness disparities is essential for improving child health outcomes in Australia.