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Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation02:39

Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation

The physical form of a substance changes on changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. Vaporization occurs when the thermal motion of the molecules overcome the intermolecular forces, and the molecules (at the surface) escape into the gaseous state. When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase molecules...
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Distillation is a separation technique that takes advantage of the boiling point properties of disparate elements in a mixture. To perform distillation, we begin by heating a miscible mixture of two liquids with a significant difference in boiling points (at least 20°C). As the solution heats up and reaches the bubble point of the more volatile component, some molecules of the more volatile component transition into the gas phase and travel upward into the condenser, which is a glass tube with...
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Consider a ternary system, which is composed of three components: water (W), ethanoic acid (E), and trichloromethane (T). Here, Ethanoic acid (E) is fully miscible with both water (W) and trichloromethane (T), meaning it can mix entirely with either of them. However, water and trichloromethane have partial miscibility, meaning they can only mix to a certain extent, beyond which two separate phases will form.The phase diagram of a ternary system is represented as an equilateral triangle, where...
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The fluid mosaic model was first proposed as a visual representation of research observations. The model comprises the composition and dynamics of membranes and serves as a foundation for future membrane-related studies. The model depicts the structure of the plasma membrane with a variety of components, which include phospholipids, proteins, and carbohydrates. These integral molecules are loosely bound, defining the cell’s border and providing fluidity for optimal function.LipidsThe most...
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Computation of Atmospheric Concentrations of Molecular Clusters from ab initio Thermochemistry
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Published on: April 8, 2020

Monte Carlo cluster algorithm for fluid phase transitions in highly size-asymmetrical binary mixtures.

Douglas J Ashton1, Jiwen Liu, Erik Luijten

  • 1Department of Physics, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom.

The Journal of Chemical Physics
|November 25, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Adding small particles to large ones in fluid mixtures significantly alters phase behavior. This study introduces a new simulation method to accurately predict changes in critical temperature and density for size-asymmetrical systems.

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Last Updated: Jun 6, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Physical Chemistry
  • Computational Physics
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Fluid mixtures with large size differences are common in colloids, polymers, and nanoparticles.
  • Simulating these systems is challenging due to difficulties in relaxing large particles with small ones present.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and apply an efficient simulation method for studying fluid phase behavior in highly size-asymmetrical mixtures.
  • To accurately determine coexisting densities and critical-point parameters.

Main Methods:

  • Embedding the rejection-free geometrical cluster algorithm within a restricted Gibbs ensemble.
  • Utilizing bespoke analysis techniques for accurate density and critical-point parameter estimation.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated efficient and accurate simulation of size-asymmetrical fluid mixtures.
  • Observed a decrease in critical temperature (~50%) and critical density (~30%) with increasing small particle fraction (0-5%).
  • Found that small particles decrease net attraction between large particles, unlike in hard-sphere mixtures.

Conclusions:

  • The developed simulation approach enables precise studies of complex fluid mixtures.
  • Adding small particles can significantly suppress phase transitions in size-asymmetrical systems.
  • The findings offer insights into the role of particle size disparity in fluid thermodynamics.