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Updated: Jun 6, 2026
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Categorical and continuous--disentangling the neural correlates of the carry effect in multi-digit addition
Elise Klein1, Klaus Willmes, Katharina Dressel
1Section Neuropsychology, Department of Neurology, University Hospital, RWTH Aachen University, Germany. klein@neuropsych.rwth-aachen.de
Background:
Recently it was suggested that the carry effect observed in addition involves both categorical and continuous processing characteristics.
Methods:
In the present study, we aimed at identifying the specific neural correlates associated with processing either categorical or continuous aspects of the carry effect in an fMRI study on multi-digit addition.
Results:
In line with our expectations, we observed two distinct parts of the fronto-parietal network subserving numerical cognition to be associated with either one of these two characteristics. On the one hand, the categorical aspect of the carry effect was associated with left-hemispheric language areas and the basal ganglia probably reflecting increased demands on procedural and problem solving processes. Complementarily, the continuous aspect of the carry effect was associated with increased intraparietal activation indicating increasing demands on magnitude processing as well as place-value integration with increasing unit sum.
Conclusions:
In summary, the findings suggest representations and processes underlying the carry effect in multi-digit addition to be more complex and interactive than assumed previously.
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