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T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...

T Cell Types and Functions

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...

Tumor Immunotherapy

Tumor Immunotherapy

Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.

Diversity of Antigen Receptors

Diversity of Antigen Receptors

Antigen receptors are essential components of the immune system crucial in defending the body against foreign invaders. These receptors are present on the surface of B and T cells, enabling them to recognize antigens and mount an appropriate immune response.
Before encountering any antigen, lymphocytes express these receptors. On B cells, the antigen receptor is a membrane-bound antibody molecule called BCR; on T cells, it is a T cell receptor or TCR. B and T cell receptors are composed of two...

Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response

Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response

Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
Immunological surveillance is the ability of immune cells to monitor and eliminate infected cells with intracellular pathogens, neoplastically transformed cells, and cells with non-self antigens. Cytotoxic T cells and NK...

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Related Experiment Video

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Generation of Human Chimeric Antigen Receptor Regulatory T Cells

Generation of Human Chimeric Antigen Receptor Regulatory T Cells

Published on: January 3, 2025

Radiation enhances regulatory T cell representation.

Evelyn L Kachikwu¹, Keisuke S Iwamoto, Yu-Pei Liao

¹Department of Radiation Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1714, USA.

International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics

|November 25, 2010

Summary

Radiation therapy increases immunosuppressive T regulatory (Treg) cells due to their resistance, potentially aiding tumor immune evasion. Eliminating Treg cells enhances radiation

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Published on: June 22, 2016

Area of Science:

Immunology
Radiation Oncology
Cancer Biology

Background:

Immunotherapy integration with radiation therapy (RT) requires understanding RT's impact on antitumor immunity.
T regulatory (Treg) cells are crucial immunosuppressive lymphocytes.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate the effect of radiation therapy (RT) on T regulatory (Treg) cells.
To determine if Treg cells are intrinsically resistant to RT.

Main Methods:

Treg cells (CD4(+)CD25(hi)Foxp3(+)) were tracked in a murine prostate cancer model.
Mice received local or whole-body RT, with and without Treg cell depletion.

Main Results:

RT led to an increase in Treg cells in immune organs.
Treg cells demonstrated higher intrinsic radioresistance compared to other lymphocytes.
Depletion of Treg cells significantly improved RT-induced tumor regression.

Conclusions:

Treg cells are preferentially increased post-RT due to their radioresistance.
Treg cells may contribute to immune evasion during cancer therapy.
Targeting Treg cells could enhance the efficacy of radiation therapy.