Cytotoxicity of single-walled carbon nanotubes on PC12 cells

The increasing use of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in biomedical applications underlines the importance of its potential toxic effects to human health. In the present study, we first exposed PC12 cells, a commonly used in vitro model for neurotoxicity study, to two kinds of commercially available single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs), to investigate the effect of SWCNTs on nervous system in vitro. The decrease of PC12 cells viability was time and dose-dependent with exposure to SWCNTs demonstrated by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release and morphological observation. Flow cytometry analysis showed that the PC12 cells' cycle was arrested in the G2/M phase, and their apoptotic rate induced by SWCNTs was dose-dependent. Further studies revealed SWCNTs decreased mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), induced the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and increased the level of lipid peroxide and decreased the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), catalase (CAT) and the content of glutathione (GSH) in a time and dose-dependent manner. These findings reveal that SWCNTs may induce oxidative stress to nervous system in vivo, causing the occurrence of diseases related to cellular injuries of neuronal cells, such as neurodegenerative disorders, and demonstrating the necessity of further research in vivo.