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Related Concept Videos

Glucagon-like Receptor Agonists01:24

Glucagon-like Receptor Agonists

Incretins include glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), which stimulate insulin secretion post-meals. In type 2 diabetes, GIP's efficacy is reduced, making GLP-1 a viable drug target. GIP originates from preproGIP.
GLP-1, when administered in high doses intravenously, triggers insulin secretion, inhibits glucagon release, slows gastric emptying, reduces food intake, and restores normal insulin secretion. However, its rapid inactivation by the...
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The pancreatic islets comprising only 1%-2% of the volume are highly vascularized and innervated mini-organs. They contain five endocrine cell types, including β cells that secrete insulin, which is synthesized as a single polypeptide chain, preproinsulin, processed to proinsulin, and finally to insulin and C-peptide. This process is complex and regulated, involving the Golgi complex, the endoplasmic reticulum, and the secretory granules of the β cell.
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Hormones Regulating Blood Glucose01:16

Hormones Regulating Blood Glucose

Insulin is released by beta cells of the pancreas when blood glucose levels are high. It facilitates glucose absorption and utilization in insulin-dependent cells with insulin receptors on their plasma membranes. Insulin promotes glucose uptake by increasing the number of glucose transport proteins in the cell membrane, allowing glucose to enter the cell. As a result, glucose utilization and ATP production are enhanced.
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Insulin Secretory Vesicles01:05

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Insulin secretory vesicles release insulin to stimulate blood glucose uptake and regulate carbohydrate metabolism. When the blood glucose levels increase, glucose enters the pancreatic β-islet cells through glucose transporters. Once inside, glucose is metabolized through glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain, producing ATP. This increase in ATP concentration closes ATP-sensitive potassium channels, leading to depolarization of the membrane and the opening of...
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Hormonal Regulation

Hormones regulate a significant portion of digestion through activation of the neuroendocrine system. The neuroendocrine system of digestion contains many different hormones all with multiple functions that are both, directly and indirectly, involved in digestion.
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Hormonal Regulation

The renin-aldosterone system is an endocrine system which guides the renal absorption of water and electrolytes, thus managing blood pressure and osmoregulation. Activation of the system begins in the kidneys with a small cluster of cells adjacent to the afferent and efferent blood vessels of the renal corpuscle. As the nephrons are filtering blood, juxtaglomerular cells monitor blood pressure. If they detect a decrease in pressure, they release the hormone renin into the bloodstream.

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Measuring Relative Insulin Secretion using a Co-Secreted Luciferase Surrogate
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Published on: June 25, 2019

Incretin hormone secretion over the day.

Bo Ahrén1, Richard D Carr, Carolyn F Deacon

  • 1Department of Clinical Sciences in Lund, Division of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.

Vitamins and Hormones
|November 25, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Incretin hormones like glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) regulate islet function. This review details incretin secretion regulation and its alterations in type 2 diabetes.

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Metabolism
  • Gastroenterology

Background:

  • Incretin hormones, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), are crucial for islet function and glucose homeostasis.
  • Incretin-based therapies are increasingly important for managing type 2 diabetes.
  • The precise regulation of incretin hormone secretion remains incompletely understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of incretin hormone secretion regulation.
  • To explore the influence of nutrients, diurnal variations, and disease states on incretin release.
  • To consolidate knowledge on potential alterations in incretin secretion in type 2 diabetes.

Main Methods:

  • This is a review article, synthesizing existing research.
  • Literature search and critical analysis of studies on incretin hormone secretion.
  • Examination of factors influencing GIP and GLP-1 release, including meal composition and timing.

Main Results:

  • Nutrient presence in the gut (carbohydrates, fats, proteins) stimulates GIP and GLP-1 secretion.
  • A diurnal rhythm exists, with higher incretin secretion in response to meals consumed in the morning versus the afternoon.
  • Evidence regarding altered incretin secretion in type 2 diabetes is controversial, though some studies suggest reductions.

Conclusions:

  • Incretin hormone secretion is influenced by nutrient intake and exhibits diurnal variation.
  • Further research is needed to clarify the role of altered incretin secretion in type 2 diabetes.
  • Understanding incretin regulation is vital for advancing diabetes therapies.