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Blind Procedures

Blind Procedures

Ideally, the people who observe and record the children’s behavior are unaware of who was assigned to the experimental or control group, in order to control for experimenter bias. Experimenter bias refers to the possibility that a researcher’s expectations might skew the results of the study. Remember, conducting an experiment requires a lot of planning, and the people involved in the research project have a vested interest in supporting their hypotheses. If the observers knew which child was...

The Retina

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The retina is a layer of nervous tissue at the back of the eye that transduces light into neural signals. This process, called phototransduction, is carried out by rod and cone photoreceptor cells in the back of the retina.

Blinding

Blinding

Blinding is a commonly used method of not telling participants which treatment a subject is receiving. Blinding is a critical part of a randomized control trial or RCT. It reduces the bias that affects the results. In an RCT, blinding is used in the form of a placebo. A placebo effect occurs when untreated subjects falsely believe they have received the treatment and report improved symptoms. A placebo or a dummy treatment is administered to subjects to negate the bias caused by such an effect.

Design Example: Resistive Touchscreen

Design Example: Resistive Touchscreen

A device engineer plays a crucial role in designing user interfaces for mobile devices. One such interface is the resistive touchscreen, which fundamentally consists of two metallic layers: a flexible upper layer and a rigid lower layer, separated by a narrow gap. The high resistance between these two layers is a key characteristic of this design.
When a user touches the screen, the two layers make contact at a specific point known as the touchpoint. This contact reduces the resistance between...

Vision

Vision

Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 6, 2026

Development of an Audio-based Virtual Gaming Environment to Assist with Navigation Skills in the Blind

Development of an Audio-based Virtual Gaming Environment to Assist with Navigation Skills in the Blind

Published on: March 27, 2013

A portable eBook reader for the blind.

Ramiro Velazquez¹, Hermes Hernandez, Enrique Preza

¹Mechatronics and Control Systems Lab (MCS), Universidad Panamericana, 20290, Aguascalientes, Mexico. rvelazquez@ags.up.mx

Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual International Conference

|November 25, 2010

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

The TactoBook system offers a new way for blind individuals to read eBooks using a portable tactile terminal. This assistive technology converts digital books into Braille, enhancing accessibility for visually impaired readers.

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Area of Science:

Assistive Technology
Human-Computer Interaction
Rehabilitation Engineering

Background:

Digital reading formats like eBooks present accessibility challenges for the blind.
Existing Braille reading devices can be bulky, expensive, or require constant computer connection.

Purpose of the Study:

To introduce the TactoBook system, a novel assistive device for making eBooks accessible to the blind.
To present the design and initial prototype of a portable, computer-independent tactile eBook reader.

Main Methods:

Development of a computer-based software translator to convert eBooks into Braille format.
Encryption of Braille eBooks onto a USB memory drive for portability.
Design and construction of a compact, lightweight 10-cell tactile terminal utilizing piezoelectric ultrasonic actuation.

Main Results:

The TactoBook system successfully converts eBooks into an encrypted Braille format for use on a portable terminal.
The prototype tactile terminal is highly portable (1 kg, 20x15x10 cm) and operates independently of a computer.
Performance of the prototype terminal is comparable to traditional Braille devices.

Conclusions:

The TactoBook system represents a significant advancement in accessible eBook reading for the blind.
The portable and user-friendly design enhances the independence and reading experience of visually impaired users.
The piezoelectric ultrasonic actuation approach proves effective for compact tactile display development.