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Related Concept Videos

Electrocardiogram01:29

Electrocardiogram

An electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) is a critical diagnostic tool that records the electrical signals produced by the heart during each heartbeat. This recording is achieved through electrodes placed strategically on the arms, legs, and chest. The electrocardiograph amplifies these signals and produces 12 distinct tracings, offering a comprehensive understanding of the heart's electrical activity.
Three major waveforms are present in a typical ECG recording: the P wave, the QRS complex, and the T...
Electrocardiogram Fundamentals01:28

Electrocardiogram Fundamentals

Introduction
An electrocardiogram (ECG) is a diagnostic tool for identifying cardiac conditions such as arrhythmias, conduction abnormalities, and myocardial ischemia.
Definition
An electrocardiogram (ECG) visualizes the heart's electrical activity by tracing the electrical movement associated with each heartbeat on a graph or monitor. As the heart beats, an electrical wave passes through it, correlating with the cardiac cycle events.
Parts of an ECG
An ECG utilizes electrodes on the skin to...
Correlation between ECG and Cardiac Cycle01:25

Correlation between ECG and Cardiac Cycle

The electrical signals recorded on an electrocardiogram (ECG) occur before the mechanical processes of contraction and relaxation during the cardiac cycle.
A cardiac action potential originates in the SA node and spreads throughout the atria and the AV node in approximately 0.03 seconds. This results in the P wave in an ECG and triggers atrial contraction. The action potential is then briefly slowed at the AV node, allowing the atria to contract and fill the ventricles with blood before...
Bode Plots Construction01:24

Bode Plots Construction

The Bode plot is an essential tool in control system analysis, mapping the frequency response of a system through a magnitude plot and a phase plot, both against a logarithmic frequency axis. To construct a Bode plot, consider the transfer function H(ω):
ECG Interpretation of Rhythms01:24

ECG Interpretation of Rhythms

An electrocardiogram (ECG)graphically represents the heart's electrical activity on ECG paper or a monitor.
Components of the Electrocardiogram
The primary components of a normal ECG waveform in Normal sinus rhythm(NSR) include the P wave, PR interval, QRS complex, ST segment, T wave, and occasionally a U wave.
ECG waveforms are divided by vertical and horizontal lines at standard intervals.
The horizontal axis measures time and rate, and the vertical axis measures amplitude or voltage. When...
Cardiac Action Potential01:30

Cardiac Action Potential

Cardiac action potentials are essential for proper heart function, enabling the rhythmic contractions needed for adequate blood circulation. Nodal cells and Purkinje fibers, specialized for electrical conduction, generate these action potentials.
The cardiac action potential process involves a series of phases characterized by the movement of ions across the cardiac cell membranes, leading to the depolarization and repolarization of the cardiac myocytes.
Ionic Basis of Cardiac Action Potentials

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 6, 2026

Real-Time Cardiac Mapping with a Noninvasive Imageless Electrocardiographic Imaging System
10:17

Real-Time Cardiac Mapping with a Noninvasive Imageless Electrocardiographic Imaging System

Published on: April 11, 2025

Visualizing the electrocardiogram through orbital transform.

Alfredo Illanes-Manriquez1, Raúl Jiménez, Gustavo Dinamarca

  • 1Instituto de Electricidad y Electrónica, Universidad Austral de Chile. alfredoillanes@uach.cl

Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual International Conference
|November 25, 2010
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces the orbital transform (OT), a novel mathematical method for visualizing electrocardiogram (ECG) signals. The OT enhances the detection of QRS complex variations, improving diagnostic clarity beyond standard temporal ECG analysis.

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Optocardiography and Electrophysiology Studies of Ex Vivo Langendorff-perfused Hearts
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Optocardiography and Electrophysiology Studies of Ex Vivo Langendorff-perfused Hearts

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 6, 2026

Real-Time Cardiac Mapping with a Noninvasive Imageless Electrocardiographic Imaging System
10:17

Real-Time Cardiac Mapping with a Noninvasive Imageless Electrocardiographic Imaging System

Published on: April 11, 2025

Optocardiography and Electrophysiology Studies of Ex Vivo Langendorff-perfused Hearts
09:52

Optocardiography and Electrophysiology Studies of Ex Vivo Langendorff-perfused Hearts

Published on: November 7, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Cardiovascular Signal Processing
  • Medical Imaging and Visualization

Background:

  • Electrocardiogram (ECG) signals are crucial for diagnosing cardiac conditions.
  • Visual inspection of temporal ECG signals can sometimes obscure subtle changes, particularly in the QRS complex.
  • Advanced visualization techniques are needed to improve the interpretation of ECG data.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce a new mathematical transform, the orbital transform (OT), for ECG signal visualization.
  • To demonstrate how the OT can reveal changes in the QRS complex not easily seen in standard ECGs.
  • To show that 2D projections of the OT spatial curve simplify the calculation of ECG parameter ranges.

Main Methods:

  • A novel mathematical transform, termed the orbital transform (OT), was developed.
  • The OT remapped a one-lead ECG signal into a three-dimensional phase portrait, creating a spatial curve.
  • Projections of this spatial curve onto 2D planes were analyzed.

Main Results:

  • The spatial curve generated by the OT allows for clearer observation of QRS complex evolution.
  • Subtle changes in the QRS complex, often missed in temporal ECG analysis, become discernible.
  • 2D projections of the OT curve facilitate the calculation of variations in ECG parameters like wave amplitudes and slopes.

Conclusions:

  • The orbital transform (OT) offers a powerful new method for ECG visualization.
  • This technique enhances the ability to detect and analyze QRS complex abnormalities.
  • The OT provides a simplified approach to quantifying key ECG parameter variations.