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Cardiac Action Potential

Cardiac Action Potential

Cardiac action potentials are essential for proper heart function, enabling the rhythmic contractions needed for adequate blood circulation. Nodal cells and Purkinje fibers, specialized for electrical conduction, generate these action potentials.
The cardiac action potential process involves a series of phases characterized by the movement of ions across the cardiac cell membranes, leading to the depolarization and repolarization of the cardiac myocytes.
Ionic Basis of Cardiac Action Potentials

Mechanism of Cardiac Arrhythmias

Mechanism of Cardiac Arrhythmias

Arrhythmias are irregular heart rhythms occurring when the heart's electrical impulses become abnormal. These disturbances can lead to various symptoms, depending on their severity and the underlying cause. Some common factors contributing to arrhythmias include hypoxia, ischemia, electrolyte imbalances, excessive catecholamine exposure, drug toxicity, and muscle overstretching. Arrhythmias can be classified into two main types based on the rate and site of origin of abnormal heart rhythms.

Electrophysiology of Normal Cardiac Rhythm

Electrophysiology of Normal Cardiac Rhythm

The normal cardiac rhythm is a synchronized electrical activity that facilitates the regular and coordinated contraction of the heart muscle. This process is essential for efficient blood circulation throughout the body. The fundamental elements involved in establishing and maintaining this rhythm include the unique electrical properties of cardiac muscle cells, the sinoatrial (SA) node's pacemaker function, the specialized conducting system, and the ionic mechanisms underlying each phase of...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 6, 2026

Patient-specific Modeling of the Heart: Estimation of Ventricular Fiber Orientations

Patient-specific Modeling of the Heart: Estimation of Ventricular Fiber Orientations

Published on: January 8, 2013

Using the Virtual Heart Model to validate the mode-switch pacemaker operation.

Zhihao Jiang¹, Allison Connolly, Rahul Mangharam

¹Department of Electrical and System Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, USA. zhihaoj@seas.upenn.edu

Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual International Conference

|November 25, 2010

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Formal validation of artificial pacemaker firmware is crucial due to device complexity and potential malfunctions. A Virtual Heart Model (VHM) was developed for medical device software verification, demonstrating correct pacemaker operation during arrhythmias.

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Last Updated: Jun 6, 2026

Patient-specific Modeling of the Heart: Estimation of Ventricular Fiber Orientations

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Area of Science:

Biomedical Engineering
Medical Device Software Validation
Implantable Electronic Devices

Background:

Artificial pacemakers are vital implantable devices treating bradycardia, but malfunctions cause significant harm.
Increasing pacemaker complexity exacerbates firmware-related failure risks.
Lack of formal validation methodologies for medical device software, unlike in avionics or industrial control.

Purpose of the Study:

To introduce a novel Virtual Heart Model (VHM) for validating medical device software.
To assess the VHM's capability in verifying pacemaker functionality, particularly complex mode-switching operations.
To ensure the safety and reliability of artificial pacemaker firmware.

Main Methods:

Development of a timed-automata based Virtual Heart Model (VHM).
Integration of the VHM with a pacemaker for closed-loop operation.
Case study analysis involving various arrhythmias and pacemaker modes.

Main Results:

The VHM successfully facilitated validation of pacemaker software.
Demonstrated correct functionality of complex mode-switch operations in pacemakers.
Validated pacemaker performance in managing supraventricular tachycardias.

Conclusions:

The Virtual Heart Model (VHM) provides a robust platform for medical device software validation.
Formal verification using the VHM can enhance the safety and reliability of artificial pacemakers.
This approach addresses the critical need for rigorous testing in complex medical device firmware.