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Open and closed-loop control systems

Open and closed-loop control systems

Control systems are foundational elements in automation and engineering. They are broadly categorized into open-loop and closed-loop systems. These classifications hinge on the presence or absence of feedback mechanisms, significantly influencing the system's performance, complexity, and application.
An open-loop control system operates without feedback from the output. It consists of two primary elements: the controller and the controlled process. The controller receives an input signal and...

Control Systems

Control Systems

Control systems are everywhere in contemporary society, influencing diverse applications from aerospace to automated manufacturing. These systems can be found naturally within biological processes, such as blood sugar regulation and heart rate adjustment in response to stress, as well as in man-made systems like elevators and automated vehicles. A control system is essentially a network of subsystems and processes that collaboratively convert specific inputs into desired outputs.
At the heart...

Feedback control systems

Feedback control systems

Feedback control systems are categorized in various ways based on their design, analysis, and signal types.
Linear feedback systems are theoretical models that simplify analysis and design. These systems operate under the principle that their output is directly proportional to their input within certain ranges. For instance, an amplifier in a control system behaves linearly as long as the input signal remains within a specific range. However, most physical systems exhibit inherent nonlinearity...

Control System Problem

Control System Problem

In an open-loop system, such as a basic thermostat, the poles of the transfer function influence the system's response but do not determine its stability. However, when feedback is introduced to form a closed-loop system, such as an advanced thermostat that adjusts heating based on room temperature, stability is governed by the new poles of the closed-loop transfer function.
When forming a closed-loop system, issues can arise if the poles cross into the unstable region, leading to potential...

PI Controller: Design

PI Controller: Design

Proportional Integral (PI) controllers are a fundamental component in modern control systems, widely used to enhance performance and mitigate steady-state errors. They are particularly effective in applications such as automatic brightness adjustment on smartphones, where they excel at mitigating steady-state errors for step-function inputs. Unlike PD controllers, which require time-varying errors to function optimally, PI controllers leverage their integral component to address residual...

PD Controller: Design

PD Controller: Design

In automotive engineering, car suspension systems often employ Proportional Derivative (PD) controllers to enhance performance. PD controllers are utilized to adjust the damping force in response to road conditions. A controller, acting as an amplifier with a constant gain, demonstrates proportional control, with output directly mirroring input.
Designing a continuous-data controller requires selecting and linking components like adders and integrators, which are fundamental in Proportional,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 6, 2026

Real-Time Proxy-Control of Re-Parameterized Peripheral Signals using a Close-Loop Interface

Real-Time Proxy-Control of Re-Parameterized Peripheral Signals using a Close-Loop Interface

Published on: May 8, 2021

RUPERT closed loop control design.

Hang Zhang¹, Sivakumar Balasubramanian, Ruihua Wei

¹School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA.

Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual International Conference

|November 25, 2010

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study evaluated RUPERT, a wearable robotic exoskeleton, for stroke rehabilitation. While half of the participants showed significant improvement in reaching targets, further development is planned for enhanced accessibility and efficacy.

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Interactive and Visualized Online Experimentation System for Engineering Education and Research

Interactive and Visualized Online Experimentation System for Engineering Education and Research

Published on: November 24, 2021

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Last Updated: Jun 6, 2026

Real-Time Proxy-Control of Re-Parameterized Peripheral Signals using a Close-Loop Interface

Real-Time Proxy-Control of Re-Parameterized Peripheral Signals using a Close-Loop Interface

Published on: May 8, 2021

Interactive and Visualized Online Experimentation System for Engineering Education and Research

Interactive and Visualized Online Experimentation System for Engineering Education and Research

Published on: November 24, 2021

Area of Science:

Robotics
Rehabilitation Medicine
Biomechanics

Background:

Robot-assisted rehabilitation is a growing field for stroke recovery.
Wearable robotic exoskeletons offer potential for personalized therapy.
Pneumatic muscle actuators provide a novel power source for these devices.

Purpose of the Study:

To describe the controller structure of the RUPERT wearable robotic exoskeleton.
To evaluate the efficacy of RUPERT in providing robot-assisted rehabilitation therapy to stroke patients.
To assess patient improvement in reaching targets during therapy.

Main Methods:

The study involved 6 stroke patients undergoing robot-assisted rehabilitation using the RUPERT system.
RUPERT utilizes pneumatic muscle actuators for its five degrees of freedom.
A statistical chi-squared test was employed to analyze the proportion of successfully reached targets.

Main Results:

Three out of six patients demonstrated statistically significant improvement in successfully reaching targets.
The remaining three patients showed no significant improvement or deterioration in performance.
The controller architecture for RUPERT's five degrees of freedom was detailed.

Conclusions:

The RUPERT system shows potential for improving motor function in stroke survivors.
Further research and implementation in home settings are planned to increase accessibility and frequency of use.
Enhanced controller designs and longer-term studies may yield more pronounced performance improvements.