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Drugs Used in Lower Respiratory Disorders: Overview

Drugs Used in Lower Respiratory Disorders: Overview

Lower respiratory tract disorders present challenges that often require skilled and nuanced approaches for effective management. Common ailments, such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), have prompted the development of intricate treatment strategies involving bronchodilators and anti-inflammatory drugs, each tailored to ease breathing and revitalize the lungs.
Bronchodilators, the first step of respiration enhancement, come in various forms, each with its own mechanism...

Allergic Reactions: Anaphylaxis

Allergic Reactions: Anaphylaxis

Anaphylaxis is a severe, life-threatening hypersensitivity reaction mediated by Immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies. When IgE binds to allergens, it triggers the release of mediators– histamine, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins from mast cells and basophils. These mediators cause vasodilation, edema, and inflammation, leading to various symptoms.The primary allergens causing anaphylaxis include food items (e.g., peanuts, shellfish), drugs (e.g., penicillin, asparaginase, corticotropin, heparin),...

Allergic Reactions

Allergic Reactions

Antiasthma Drugs: Mast Cell Stabilizers and Anti-IgE Drugs

Antiasthma Drugs: Mast Cell Stabilizers and Anti-IgE Drugs

Asthma is a chronic respiratory condition for which new therapeutic avenues, including anti-inflammatory drugs like mast cell stabilizers and anti-IgE treatments, continue to be developed.
Mast cell stabilizers, such as cromolyn (also known as sodium cromoglycate) and nedocromil (Tilade), are effective drugs in asthma management. These stabilizers hinder histamine release by skillfully obstructing the activation of mast cells and other cellular entities. Notably, they navigate this task without...

Antiasthma Drugs: Inhaled Corticosteroids and Glucocorticoids

Antiasthma Drugs: Inhaled Corticosteroids and Glucocorticoids

Inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) are anti-inflammatory drugs used primarily in treating persistent asthma and providing long-term maintenance. They target the bronchial mucosa, the lining of the airways, to control inflammation, a critical factor in asthma progression and exacerbation.
ICS work through a multifaceted mechanism of action. They suppress the inflammatory response caused by the proliferation of TH cells. They also reduce the transcription of the IL-2 gene, which is involved in the...

Drugs Used in Upper Respiratory Disorders: Overview

Drugs Used in Upper Respiratory Disorders: Overview

Upper respiratory tract disorders, including viral infections and allergic rhinitis, cause significant discomfort and disrupt daily life. Managing these conditions involves a variety of drugs, such as antihistamines, intranasal steroids, decongestants, antitussives, expectorants, and mucolytics. Specific examples of drugs in each category are provided.
Antihistamines (e.g., Benadryl) block histamines from binding. Histamines are chemicals released during an allergic reaction in the body. As a...

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Updated: Jun 6, 2026

Sublingual Immunotherapy as an Alternative to Induce Protection Against Acute Respiratory Infections

Sublingual Immunotherapy as an Alternative to Induce Protection Against Acute Respiratory Infections

Published on: August 30, 2014

Sublingual immunotherapy for allergic rhinitis: an update.

Giovanni Passalacqua¹, Enrico Compalati, Giorgio W Canonica

¹Allergy and Respiratory Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy. passalacqua@unige.it

Current Opinion in Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery

|November 25, 2010

Summary

Sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) is increasingly recognized for its efficacy and safety in treating allergies. Recent studies clarify optimal dosing for grass allergens and expand its potential applications in adults and children.

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Sublingual Immunotherapy as an Alternative to Induce Protection Against Acute Respiratory Infections

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Area of Science:

Allergy and Immunology
Immunotherapy Research

Background:

Sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) has gained significant credibility in allergy treatment.
Accumulating evidence from randomized controlled trials, meta-analyses, and mechanistic studies supports its use.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the history, indications, and safety of SLIT.
To discuss current unmet needs and future research directions in SLIT.

Main Methods:

Review of recent randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trials.
Analysis of meta-analyses and mechanistic studies.
Examination of safety data in adult and pediatric populations.

Main Results:

New data from large trials have clarified aspects of SLIT efficacy and safety.
Optimal maintenance doses for grass allergens have been identified.
Potential indications for SLIT are expanding.

Conclusions:

SLIT demonstrates well-established safety in both adults and children.
Dose-dependency and optimal maintenance doses are understood for grass allergens.
Further research is needed to address unmet needs and expand SLIT applications.