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Measurements of Strain

Measurements of Strain

Strain quantifies the deformation of a material under force, typically measured as normal strain, which represents the change in length when compared with the original length. Electrical strain gauges are used for enhanced accuracy. These devices consist of a conductive wire mounted on a paper backing that adheres to the material's surface. These gauges operate on the piezoresistive effect, where the wire's electrical resistance changes in response to mechanical deformation. The strain gauge...

Transformation of Plane Strain

Transformation of Plane Strain

When analyzing elongated structures like bars subjected to uniformly distributed loads, it is essential to understand the transformation of plane strain when coordinate axes are rotated. This transformation helps to assess how material deformation characteristics vary with orientation, which is crucial in materials science and structural engineering.
Under plane strain conditions, typical for members where one dimension significantly exceeds the others, deformations and resultant strains are...

Three-Dimensional Analysis of Strain

Three-Dimensional Analysis of Strain

Three-dimensional strain analysis is crucial for understanding how materials deform under stress, particularly in elastic, homogeneous materials. This method employs principal stress axes to simplify complex stress states into more understandable forms. Subjected to stress, a small cubic element within a material either expands or contracts along these axes, transforming into a rectangular parallelepiped. This transformation effectively illustrates the material's deformation. The principal...

Elastic Strain Energy for Normal Stresses

Elastic Strain Energy for Normal Stresses

Strain energy quantifies the energy stored within a material due to deformation under loading conditions, a fundamental concept in materials science and engineering. The strain energy can be modeled when a material is subjected to axial loading with uniformly distributed stress. In this scenario, the stress experienced by the material is the internal force divided by the cross-sectional area, and the strain induced is directly proportional to this stress through the modulus of elasticity.
If...

Elastic Strain Energy for Shearing Stresses

Elastic Strain Energy for Shearing Stresses

As discussed in previous lessons, strain energy in a material is the energy stored when it is elastically deformed, a concept crucial in materials science and mechanical engineering. This energy results from the internal work done against the cohesive forces within the material. When a material undergoes shearing stress and corresponding shearing strain, the strain energy density, which is the energy stored per unit volume, is calculated. Within the elastic limit, where the stress is...

Mohr's Circle for Plane Strain

Mohr's Circle for Plane Strain

Mohr's circle is a crucial graphical method used to analyze plane strain by plotting strain on a set of cartesian coordinates, where the abscissa is normal strain ∈ and the ordinate is shear strain γ. Similarly to Mohr’s circle for plane stress, two points X and Y are plotted. Their coordinates are (∈x, -γXY) and (∈Y, γXY), respectively.
Mohr's circle visually represents the strain states under various conditions, which is essential for understanding material behavior. The center of Mohr's...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 6, 2026

Micro/Nano-scale Strain Distribution Measurement from Sampling Moiré Fringes

Micro/Nano-scale Strain Distribution Measurement from Sampling Moiré Fringes

Published on: May 23, 2017

Noise-free normalized fringe patterns and local pixel transforms for strain extraction.

Q Yu, K Andresen, W Osten

|November 25, 2010

Summary

This study introduces a novel noise reduction technique for fringe patterns using a two-dimensional (2-D) envelope transform and spin filtering. This method generates noise-free normalized fringe patterns for accurate strain extraction from moiré patterns.

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Last Updated: Jun 6, 2026

Micro/Nano-scale Strain Distribution Measurement from Sampling Moiré Fringes

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Published on: May 23, 2017

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Area of Science:

Optical Metrology
Image Processing
Materials Science

Background:

Automatic fringe processing faces significant challenges with noise reduction.
Accurate strain extraction from fringe patterns is crucial for material analysis.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a robust method for noise reduction in fringe patterns.
To enable precise strain extraction from single moiré patterns using enhanced fringe data.

Main Methods:

A two-dimensional (2-D) envelope transform is proposed for fringe pattern normalization.
Spin filtering is integrated to remove random noise while considering fringe flow.
Two local pixel transforms are developed for strain extraction based on the processed fringe patterns.

Main Results:

Construction of noise-free normalized fringe patterns.
Improvement of the digital pure secondary moiré method.
Development of a novel strain-field image method with division.

Conclusions:

The combined 2-D envelope transform and spin filtering effectively produce noise-free normalized fringe patterns.
The developed methods enhance accuracy in strain extraction from moiré interferometry.