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Electrocardiogram

Electrocardiogram

An electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) is a critical diagnostic tool that records the electrical signals produced by the heart during each heartbeat. This recording is achieved through electrodes placed strategically on the arms, legs, and chest. The electrocardiograph amplifies these signals and produces 12 distinct tracings, offering a comprehensive understanding of the heart's electrical activity.
Three major waveforms are present in a typical ECG recording: the P wave, the QRS complex, and the T...

Pulse rhythm

Pulse rhythm

Pulse rhythm refers to the pattern of pulsations within specific intervals, offering valuable insights into the regularity or irregularity of the heart's beats as observed through the pattern of pulsation within specific intervals. A regular pulse exhibits a consistent heart rate with uniform waveforms and pulsation force, variations of which can be classified as normal, weak, or bounding.
Conversely, an irregular pulse pattern is termed dysrhythmia, stemming from disruptions in cardiac muscle...

ECG Interpretation of Rhythms

ECG Interpretation of Rhythms

An electrocardiogram (ECG)graphically represents the heart's electrical activity on ECG paper or a monitor.
Components of the Electrocardiogram
The primary components of a normal ECG waveform in Normal sinus rhythm(NSR) include the P wave, PR interval, QRS complex, ST segment, T wave, and occasionally a U wave.
ECG waveforms are divided by vertical and horizontal lines at standard intervals.
The horizontal axis measures time and rate, and the vertical axis measures amplitude or voltage. When...

Correlation between ECG and Cardiac Cycle

Correlation between ECG and Cardiac Cycle

The electrical signals recorded on an electrocardiogram (ECG) occur before the mechanical processes of contraction and relaxation during the cardiac cycle.
A cardiac action potential originates in the SA node and spreads throughout the atria and the AV node in approximately 0.03 seconds. This results in the P wave in an ECG and triggers atrial contraction. The action potential is then briefly slowed at the AV node, allowing the atria to contract and fill the ventricles with blood before...

Holter Monitor: 24-Hour Monitoring

Holter Monitor: 24-Hour Monitoring

Holter monitoring is a continuous electrocardiography (ECG) recording that tracks the heart's electrical activity over an extended period, generally 24 to 48 hours. This noninvasive diagnostic tool detects irregular heart rhythms that may not be captured during a standard ECG performed in a clinical setting.DeviceThe Holter monitor is a portable, small device connected to several electrodes on the patient's chest. These electrodes detect the heart's electrical signals and transmit them to the...

Electrocardiogram Fundamentals

Electrocardiogram Fundamentals

Introduction
An electrocardiogram (ECG) is a diagnostic tool for identifying cardiac conditions such as arrhythmias, conduction abnormalities, and myocardial ischemia.
Definition
An electrocardiogram (ECG) visualizes the heart's electrical activity by tracing the electrical movement associated with each heartbeat on a graph or monitor. As the heart beats, an electrical wave passes through it, correlating with the cardiac cycle events.
Parts of an ECG
An ECG utilizes electrodes on the skin to...

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A robust method to estimate instantaneous heart rate from noisy electrocardiogram waveforms.

Andrei V Gribok¹, Xiaoxiao Chen, Jaques Reifman

¹Bioinformatics Cell, Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center, U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command, ATTN: MCMR-TT, 504 Scott Street, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA.

Annals of Biomedical Engineering

|November 25, 2010

Summary

We developed a novel algorithm for accurate real-time heart rate (HR) estimation from noisy electrocardiogram (ECG) signals. This method provides reliable HR monitoring in challenging ambulatory settings, outperforming existing techniques.

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Calculating Heart Rate Variability from ECG Data from Youth with Cerebral Palsy During Active Video Game Sessions

Calculating Heart Rate Variability from ECG Data from Youth with Cerebral Palsy During Active Video Game Sessions

Published on: June 5, 2019

Area of Science:

Biomedical Engineering
Signal Processing
Cardiology

Background:

Estimating heart rate (HR) from electrocardiogram (ECG) signals is crucial for patient monitoring.
Traditional methods struggle with noise in ambulatory environments, leading to inaccurate HR estimations.
Differencing ECG signals amplifies high-frequency noise, complicating HR calculation.

Purpose of the Study:

To introduce a new algorithm for real-time HR estimation from noisy ECG waveforms.
To address the challenge of noise amplification in indirect HR measurement.
To provide analytically based confidence intervals (CIs) for HR estimates.

Main Methods:

Proposed a weighted regularized least squares approach for HR estimation.
Evaluated the algorithm using simulated data and real-world ECG records from trauma patients.
Compared the algorithm against a vital-sign monitor and standard HR techniques with postprocessing (Kalman filtering, spline smoothing).

Main Results:

The algorithm achieved up to 67% smaller estimation errors on simulated data compared to postprocessing methods.
Field data showed the proposed algorithm produced smoother and more reliable HR estimates than a vital-sign monitor.
Confidence intervals accurately reflected noise levels and quantified HR estimation uncertainties.

Conclusions:

The developed algorithm is robust to various noise types encountered in ambulatory settings.
It offers a significant improvement for real-time HR monitoring in environments with poor data quality.
The method provides reliable HR estimates with quantifiable uncertainty.