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Related Concept Videos

Ecological Niches02:02

Ecological Niches

All organisms have a position within an ecosystem. The complete set of living and nonliving factors—including food resources, climate, and terrain—that define the position of a given organism are collectively referred to as the organism’s ecological niche.Multiple species cannot occupy the exact same niche within their habitat. If the niches of two or more species overlap to a large extent, the competitive exclusion principle dictates that one species will outcompete the other, forcing it to...
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Ecological Niche

Microorganisms occupy diverse habitats and perform essential ecological functions that are defined by their ecological niches. A microbial niche encompasses the organism’s mode of survival, including resource acquisition, reproduction, and interactions with other species in its environment. This concept is vital for understanding microbial community dynamics, biogeography, and ecosystem functionality.The fundamental niche of a microorganism includes the full spectrum of environmental...
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Multipotency and Niche of Bulge Stem Cell

A hair follicle or HF is a small part of the skin that produces the hair shaft. Paul Gerson Unna was the first to observe a bulge in the human hair follicle's outer root sheath (ORS). The bulge is present between the sebaceous gland and the arrector pili muscle and is the niche for hair follicle stem cells (HFSCs). The bulge is also a niche for melanocyte stem cells, and their loss results in graying of hair. The HFSCs express Sox9 and Lhx2, which help them maintain stemness and prevent...
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Stem Cell Niche

The stem cell niche is the dynamic microenvironment where stem cells reside. Inside these niches, the cells may remain undifferentiated, undergo high self-renewal, or become lineage-specific progenitors. Stem cells coexist with other niche cells, such as stromal cells. They also interact closely with the ECM. Cell-cell and cell-matrix communication occur via adhesion molecules or soluble factors that signal the stem cells and determine their fate. Stromal cells also provide survival signals to...
Heat and Free Expansion01:24

Heat and Free Expansion

The work done by a thermodynamic system depends not only on the initial and final states but also on the intermediate states—that is, on the path. Like work, when heat is added to a thermodynamic system, it undergoes a change of state, and the state attained depends on the path from the initial state to the final state. Consider an ideal gas cylinder fitted with a piston. When the cylinder is heated at a constant temperature, the gas molecules absorb energy and expand slowly in a controlled...
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The physical form of a substance changes by changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. For vaporization to occur, kinetic energy must be greater than the intermolecular forces that keep molecules bonded. The amount of energy needed to vaporize a quantity of liquid at a given pressure and a constant temperature is called the heat of vaporization. When...

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Isolation and Expansion of Neurospheres from Postnatal (P1&#8722;3) Mouse Neurogenic Niches
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Niche explosion.

Benjamin B Normark1, Norman A Johnson

  • 1Department of Plant, Soil and Insect Science and Graduate Program in Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA. bnormark@ent.umass.edu

Genetica
|November 25, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Extreme polyphagy in insects, defined as feeding on over 20 hostplant families, may result from "niche explosion." This links large populations to broad host ranges, impacting pest status and reproduction.

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Area of Science:

  • Ecology
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Entomology

Background:

  • Several phytophagous insect groups exhibit a syndrome including wingless females, larval dispersal, woody hosts, extreme polyphagy, high abundance, invasiveness, and parthenogenesis.
  • Extreme polyphagy, defined as feeding on ≥20 hostplant families, is observed convergently in diverse insect taxa like bagworm moths, tussock moths, root weevils, and scale insects.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To hypothesize and explore the ecological and evolutionary drivers behind extreme polyphagy in phytophagous insects.
  • To propose the "niche explosion" hypothesis as a unifying explanation for the observed syndrome.

Main Methods:

  • The study employs a hypothesis-driven approach, integrating ecological observations with population genetics and evolutionary theory.
  • It examines the interplay between population size, host range, natural selection, and reproductive strategies (parthenogenesis).

Main Results:

  • The "niche explosion" hypothesis posits a positive feedback loop where large population size facilitates a broad host range.
  • This feedback loop has demographic (amplification effect) and population-genetic components, enhancing natural selection effectiveness.
  • Increased selection effectiveness in large populations may explain the frequent origins of obligate parthenogenesis in extreme polyphages.

Conclusions:

  • The niche explosion hypothesis offers a framework for understanding the evolution of generalist feeding strategies and pest status in insects.
  • It predicts specific patterns in comparative genomics and population genetics, and has implications for trade-offs, parthenogenesis, and population dynamics.