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Related Concept Videos

Fisher's Exact Test01:08

Fisher's Exact Test

Fisher's exact test is a statistical significance test widely used to analyze 2x2 contingency tables, particularly in situations where sample sizes are small. Unlike the chi-squared test, which approximates P-values and assumes minimum expected frequencies of at least five in each cell, Fisher's exact test calculates the exact probability (P-value) of observing the data or more extreme results under the null hypothesis. This feature makes it especially valuable when the assumptions of the...
Behrens–Fisher Test00:57

Behrens–Fisher Test

The Behrens-Fisher test is a statistical method designed to address the Behrens-Fisher problem, which arises when comparing the means of two normally distributed populations with unequal variances. Unlike the Student's t-test, which assumes equal variances, the Behrens-Fisher test allows for mean comparison without this restrictive assumption. This flexibility makes it particularly valuable in scenarios where two independent samples exhibit normality but lack variance homogeneity.
This test is...
FISH - Fluorescent In-situ Hybridization02:07

FISH - Fluorescent In-situ Hybridization

Fluorescence in situ hybridization, or FISH, was developed in the early 1980s and has quickly become one of the most widely used techniques in cytogenetics. Labeled probes are used to bind complementary DNA or RNA sequences on a chromosome or in a region within a cell. Earlier, the probes could only be obtained by cloning or reverse transcription of a DNA template. Currently, the probe oligonucleotides can be synthesized synthetically. Additionally, with the advancement of optical techniques,...
Fixed Action Patterns01:06

Fixed Action Patterns

A fixed action pattern (FAP) is a specific, hard-wired sequence of behaviors that occurs in response to an external stimulus, called a sign stimulus. The behavior is “fixed” because it is essentially unchangeable—proceeding similarly across individuals of a species every time it occurs.
Huntington Disease l: Introduction01:21

Huntington Disease l: Introduction

Huntington disease or HD is a progressive, fatal neurodegenerative disorder inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern.PathophysiologyIt is caused by expansion of the CAG trinucleotide repeat in the HTT gene on chromosome 4 (4p16.3), producing an abnormal huntingtin protein with an expanded polyglutamine tract. This misfolded protein disrupts cellular function, leading to neuronal death. Normal alleles have ≤26 repeats, 27–35 are intermediate (risk of expansion), 36–39 show reduced penetrance,...
Pleiotropy01:33

Pleiotropy

Pleiotropy is the phenomenon in which a single gene impacts multiple, seemingly unrelated phenotypic traits. For example, defects in the SOX10 gene cause Waardenburg Syndrome Type 4, or WS4, which can cause defects in pigmentation, hearing impairments, and an absence of intestinal contractions necessary for elimination. This diversity of phenotypes results from the expression pattern of SOX10 in early embryonic and fetal development. SOX10 is found in neural crest cells that form melanocytes,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 6, 2026

FISH for Pre-implantation Genetic Diagnosis
07:34

FISH for Pre-implantation Genetic Diagnosis

Published on: February 23, 2011

Fisher syndrome.

Masahiro Mori1, Satoshi Kuwabara

  • 1Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan, morim@faculty.chiba-u.jp.

Current Treatment Options in Neurology
|November 25, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Fisher syndrome, a variant of Guillain-Barré syndrome, typically has a good prognosis and may not require immunotherapy. Overlap with Guillain-Barré syndrome or Bickerstaff brainstem encephalitis warrants prompt immune treatment.

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Immunology
  • Clinical Medicine

Background:

  • Fisher syndrome presents with ophthalmoplegia, ataxia, and areflexia, often associated with anti-GQ1b antibodies.
  • It is considered a variant of Guillain-Barré syndrome and requires differentiation from other neurological conditions.
  • The natural course of Fisher syndrome is generally favorable, with spontaneous recovery common.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of Fisher syndrome's clinical presentation and diagnosis.
  • To evaluate the evidence for immunotherapy in Fisher syndrome and related conditions.
  • To highlight the need for further research into optimal treatment strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on Fisher syndrome, Guillain-Barré syndrome, and Bickerstaff brainstem encephalitis.

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Dissecting Cell-Autonomous Function of Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein in an Auditory Circuit by In Ovo Electroporation
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FISH for Pre-implantation Genetic Diagnosis
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  • Analysis of retrospective studies on the efficacy of plasmapheresis and intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg).
  • Discussion of diagnostic challenges and differential diagnoses for Fisher syndrome.

    • Main Results:

    • Fisher syndrome alone typically does not necessitate immunotherapy due to good spontaneous recovery.
    • Immunotherapies like plasmapheresis and IVIg have not shown definitive efficacy in altering the clinical outcome of isolated Fisher syndrome.
    • Concomitant Guillain-Barré syndrome or progression to Bickerstaff brainstem encephalitis requires timely immune intervention.

    Conclusions:

    • Fisher syndrome management should focus on accurate diagnosis and observation, with immunotherapy reserved for specific circumstances.
    • While IVIg can be considered to potentially accelerate recovery, risks must be discussed, and its necessity debated.
    • Prospective, controlled studies are essential to definitively assess the role and efficacy of immunotherapies in Fisher syndrome and its variants.