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Social Defeat Stress Model for Adolescent C57BL/6 Male and Female Mice
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Stress vulnerability during adolescent development in rats.

Ryan Jankord1, Matia B Solomon, Jennifer Albertz

  • 1Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, USA. ryan.jankord@wpafb.af.mil

Endocrinology
|November 26, 2010
PubMed
Summary
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Adolescence presents unique stress vulnerabilities and protections. While adolescent rats showed resilience to stress-induced depression-like behaviors, they exhibited heightened susceptibility to other chronic stress effects.

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Psychology
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Adolescence is a critical developmental period characterized by significant brain plasticity.
  • This plasticity may confer increased vulnerability to environmental stressors, including chronic stress.
  • Understanding these vulnerabilities is crucial for addressing mental health during adolescence.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To test the hypothesis that adolescent development represents a stage of enhanced vulnerability to chronic variable stress (CVS).
  • To examine the differential effects of CVS on depression-like behavior, somatic indices, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity, and neuropeptide expression across early adolescence, late adolescence, and adulthood.

Main Methods:

  • Male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to a 14-day chronic variable stress (CVS) paradigm.

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  • Stress exposure was initiated at three distinct ages: early adolescence (35 days), late adolescence (50 days), and adulthood (80 days).
  • Key outcomes measured included depression-like behavior (forced-swim test), somatic indices (body weight, adrenal and fat weight), HPA axis activity (corticosterone levels), and hypothalamic neuropeptide expression (oxytocin).

    • Main Results:

    • Regardless of age, CVS exposure decreased body weight, increased adrenal size, decreased fat weight, and elevated HPA axis response to stress.
    • Somatic effects of CVS were more pronounced in late adolescent animals.
    • Late adolescent rats uniquely exhibited decreased oxytocin expression and increased basal corticosterone levels following CVS. Adult rats showed increased immobility in the forced-swim test, while adolescent rats were resistant to this depression-like behavior.

    Conclusions:

    • Adolescent animals demonstrated protection against the development of depression-like behaviors under chronic stress conditions.
    • Late adolescence emerged as a period of heightened susceptibility to the somatic, HPA axis, and neuropeptide alterations induced by chronic stress.
    • Adolescent development represents a unique developmental window with both specific vulnerabilities and protective mechanisms against chronic stress.