Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Receptor Tyrosine Kinases

Receptor Tyrosine Kinases

Receptor tyrosine kinases or RTKs are membrane-bound receptors that phosphorylate specific tyrosine on protein substrates. RTKs regulate cellular growth, differentiation, survival, and migration. They contain an extracellular ligand binding domain, a transmembrane domain, and a cytosolic tail with intrinsic kinase activity. Several extracellular signaling molecules activate RTKs in one or more ways and relay the signal downstream. Ligands such as platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) or...

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...

Covalently Linked Protein Regulators

Covalently Linked Protein Regulators

Proteins can undergo many types of post-translational modifications, often in response to changes in their environment. These modifications play an important role in the function and stability of these proteins. Covalently linked molecules include functional groups, such as methyl, acetyl, and phosphate groups, and also small proteins, such as ubiquitin. There are around 200 different types of covalent regulators that have been identified.
These groups modify specific amino acids in a protein.

Covalently Linked Protein Regulators

Covalently Linked Protein Regulators

Proteins can undergo many types of post-translational modifications, often in response to changes in their environment. These modifications play an important role in the function and stability of these proteins. Covalently linked molecules include functional groups, such as methyl, acetyl, and phosphate groups, and also small proteins, such as ubiquitin. There are around 200 different types of covalent regulators that have been identified.
These groups modify specific amino acids in a protein.

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The iodine is then...

Transducer Mechanism: Enzyme-Linked Receptors

Transducer Mechanism: Enzyme-Linked Receptors

Enzyme-linked receptors are cell-surface receptors acting as an enzyme or associating with an enzyme intracellularly. They make excellent drug targets. Drugs can bind to the extracellular ligand-binding domain or directly affect their enzymatic domain and alter their activity.
Major types that are helpful drug targets include:

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Mesenchymal-Follicular Hamartoma: A Case Report of a Cutaneous Hamartoma With Dominant Mesenchymal Overgrowth.

The American Journal of dermatopathology·2025

Same author

Correction: Cerebral Crohn's Disease-Not Your Typical Brain-Gut Connection.

Digestive diseases and sciences·2025

Same author

Development and validation of a nomogram for predicting postoperative venous thromboembolism risk in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma.

World journal of gastrointestinal oncology·2025

Same author

Post-COVID-19 Vocal Process Granuloma With Dysphonia and Dysphagia.

Ear, nose, & throat journal·2025

Same author

Targeted gene sequencing and transcriptome sequencing reveal characteristics of NUP98 rearrangement in pediatric acute myeloid leukemia.

European journal of medical research·2024

Same author

Virtual histological staining of unlabeled autopsy tissue.

Nature communications·2024

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 6, 2026

Demonstration of the Sequence Alignment to Predict Across Species Susceptibility Tool for Rapid Assessment of Protein Conservation

Demonstration of the Sequence Alignment to Predict Across Species Susceptibility Tool for Rapid Assessment of Protein Conservation

Published on: February 10, 2023

Relationship between thyrotropin receptor hinge region proteolytic posttranslational modification and receptor

Sepehr Hamidi¹, Chun-Rong Chen, Yumiko Mizutori-Sasai

¹Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA.

Molecular Endocrinology (Baltimore, Md.)

|November 26, 2010

Summary

The thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR) hinge region

More Related Videos

Transmembrane Domain Oligomerization Propensity determined by ToxR Assay

Transmembrane Domain Oligomerization Propensity determined by ToxR Assay

Published on: May 26, 2011

Biochemical Reconstitution of Steroid Receptor•Hsp90 Protein Complexes and Reactivation of Ligand Binding

Biochemical Reconstitution of Steroid Receptor•Hsp90 Protein Complexes and Reactivation of Ligand Binding

Published on: September 21, 2011

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 6, 2026

Demonstration of the Sequence Alignment to Predict Across Species Susceptibility Tool for Rapid Assessment of Protein Conservation

Demonstration of the Sequence Alignment to Predict Across Species Susceptibility Tool for Rapid Assessment of Protein Conservation

Published on: February 10, 2023

Transmembrane Domain Oligomerization Propensity determined by ToxR Assay

Transmembrane Domain Oligomerization Propensity determined by ToxR Assay

Published on: May 26, 2011

Biochemical Reconstitution of Steroid Receptor•Hsp90 Protein Complexes and Reactivation of Ligand Binding

Biochemical Reconstitution of Steroid Receptor•Hsp90 Protein Complexes and Reactivation of Ligand Binding

Published on: September 21, 2011

Area of Science:

Endocrinology and Molecular Biology
Protein Structure and Function
Receptor Biology

Background:

The glycoprotein hormone receptor hinge region is highly variable.
The TSH receptor (TSHR) hinge is the longest and undergoes in vivo cleavage.
Previous studies could not define the minimal functional hinge region.

Purpose of the Study:

To determine the maximum deletions in the TSHR hinge region compatible with normal function.
To investigate the role of hinge region residues in TSHR signaling.

Main Methods:

Progressive deletion mutagenesis of the TSHR hinge region.
Functional assays measuring TSH binding and cAMP signal transduction.
Analysis of TSHR cleavage and subunit association.

Main Results:

Deletion of TSHR hinge residues 317-366 is tolerated.
The downstream limit for hinge deletion is residue 371.
Deletions of residues 303-366 (64 aa) or 307-371 (65 aa) maintain TSHR function.
Hinge residues 377-384 are important for coupling ligand binding to signal transduction.

Conclusions:

TSHR hinge deletions up to 65 amino acids are compatible with normal receptor function.
Specific downstream hinge residues are crucial for TSHR signaling.
This study defines the maximal functional hinge region deletions for TSHR.