Syndromology: an updated conceptual overview. VII. Aspects of teratogenesis

Principles of teratogenesis are reviewed, including adverse environmental factors and the genotype, timing of exposure, mechanisms and pathogenesis, the nature of teratogenic agents, manifestations of deviant development, and dosage. Human teratogenic conditions are summarized with special emphasis on the fetal alcohol syndrome, fetal hydantoin syndrome, fetal trimethadione syndrome, fetal valproate syndrome, warfarin embryopathy, retinoic acid embryopathy, congenital rubella syndrome, radiation effects, and diabetic embryopathy.