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Updated: Jun 6, 2026

Electrode Positioning and Montage in Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation
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Electrode Positioning and Montage in Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation

Published on: May 23, 2011

Transcranial direct current stimulation: electrode montage in stroke.

Hooman Mahmoudi1, Afshin Borhani Haghighi, Peyman Petramfar

  • 1Acquired Brain Injury Rehabilitation Centre, Shiraz, Islamic Republic of Iran.

Disability and Rehabilitation
|November 30, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Optimal electrode montages for transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) significantly improved upper limb function in stroke patients. Bilateral, anodal, and cathodal tDCS montages showed positive effects, unlike extracephalic or sham stimulation.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Rehabilitation Medicine
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • Electrode montage is crucial for determining transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) effects.
  • Previous neurophysiological and modeling studies highlight the importance of electrode placement.
  • Clinical validation of optimal tDCS montages in stroke patients is needed.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically investigate optimal tDCS electrode montages for stroke rehabilitation.
  • To evaluate the clinical efficacy of different tDCS configurations in improving upper limb function.
  • To provide data for designing future large-scale tDCS trials in stroke.

Main Methods:

  • A randomized, counterbalanced, sham-controlled crossover trial involving ten stroke patients.

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  • Comparison of five stimulation conditions: bilateral tDCS, anodal tDCS, cathodal tDCS, extracephalic tDCS, and sham stimulation.
  • Assessment of upper limb function using the Jebsen-Taylor Test (JTT).

    • Main Results:

    • Bilateral tDCS, anodal tDCS, and cathodal tDCS montages resulted in significant improvements in JTT scores.
    • Extracephalic electrode placement and sham stimulation did not yield significant functional improvements.
    • The study demonstrated the clinical relevance of specific tDCS electrode montages.

    Conclusions:

    • Specific tDCS electrode montages, including bilateral, anodal, and cathodal configurations, are effective in improving upper limb function post-stroke.
    • Extracephalic montages and sham stimulation are not effective for motor recovery in this context.
    • Findings support the use of optimized tDCS protocols in stroke rehabilitation and inform future clinical trial design.