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Embryonic Stem Cells

Embryonic Stem Cells

Embryonic stem (ES) cells are undifferentiated pluripotent cells, meaning they can produce any cell type in the body. This gives them tremendous potential in science and medicine since they can generate specific cell types for use in research or to replace body cells lost due to damage or disease.

Embryonic Stem Cells

Embryonic Stem Cells

Embryonic stem (ES) cells were first discovered in mice in 1981 by Martin Evans. In 1998, James Thomson identified a method to isolate embryonic stem cells from humans. Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are obtained from 3-5 day old embryos that remain unused after an in vitro fertilization procedure.
ES cells are grown in a culture medium where they can divide indefinitely, creating ES cell lines. Under certain conditions, ES cells can differentiate, either spontaneously into a variety of...

Zygotic Development And Stem Cell Formation

Zygotic Development And Stem Cell Formation

The development of all multicellular organisms starts with the fusion of haploid cells called sperm and egg to form a diploid zygote. A zygote is a totipotent cell that can develop into a complete organism. The zygote undergoes cell division or cleavage to form an 8-cell mass. Until this stage, the cells are spherical, loosely attached, and remain totipotent. Totipotent cells are capable of developing both the embryonic and the extraembryonic tissues. However, as they continue to divide, they...

Source And Potency Of Stem Cells

Source And Potency Of Stem Cells

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells with extensive self-renewal properties that help them maintain their population during the fetal and adult stages of life. They can specialize in all cell types of the human body. However, their differential potential may vary and can be classified into five types. Stem cells can be (1) Totipotent, (2) Pluripotent, (3) Multipotent, (4) Oligopotent, and (5) Unipotent. Each stem cell has a specific origin; the fertilized egg or zygote is a totipotent cell and...

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Updated: Jun 6, 2026

Application of Mouse Parthenogenetic Haploid Embryonic Stem Cells as a Substitute of Sperm

Application of Mouse Parthenogenetic Haploid Embryonic Stem Cells as a Substitute of Sperm

Published on: November 19, 2020

Medaka haploid embryonic stem cells.

Yunhan Hong¹

¹Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore.

Methods in Cell Biology

|November 30, 2010

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers generated medaka haploid embryonic stem (ES) cells, demonstrating vertebrate haploidy supports stable cell culture and pluripotency. This breakthrough enables new genetic analysis systems and potential applications in infertility treatment.

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Last Updated: Jun 6, 2026

Application of Mouse Parthenogenetic Haploid Embryonic Stem Cells as a Substitute of Sperm

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Published on: November 19, 2020

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Area of Science:

Developmental Biology
Genetics
Evolutionary Biology

Background:

Diploidy is fundamental to eukaryotic evolution and sexual reproduction, enabling life cycles alternating between diploid and haploid phases.
Haploid genomes are advantageous for genetic analysis due to clear phenotypic expression of recessive mutations.
Vertebrate haploid cells have historically been limited to gametes, restricting their use in stable cell culture.

Purpose of the Study:

To report the successful generation of medaka haploid embryonic stem (ES) cells.
To demonstrate that vertebrate haploidy can support stable cell culture and pluripotency.
To explore the potential applications of these haploid ES cells in genetic research and regenerative medicine.

Main Methods:

Derivation of haploid embryonic stem (ES) cells from medaka embryos.
Assessment of pluripotency and differentiation potential of the derived haploid ES cells.
Evaluation of the capacity for whole animal production from haploid ES cells.

Main Results:

Successful generation of medaka haploid ES cells capable of producing whole animals.
Demonstration that these haploid ES cells maintain pluripotency and are suitable for stable cell culture.
Establishment of a vertebrate system analogous to yeast for in vitro genetic analysis.

Conclusions:

Haploid ES cells can be generated in vertebrates, offering a powerful tool for genetic studies.
Medaka haploid ES cells provide a unique platform for in vitro analysis of molecular, cellular, and developmental processes.
This advancement opens possibilities for applications in infertility treatment and large-scale genetic screens in vertebrates.