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Related Concept Videos

Karyotyping01:17

Karyotyping

Describing the number and physical features of chromosomes can reveal abnormalities that underlie genetic diseases. This description is facilitated by special staining techniques that produce a particular banding pattern on each chromosome. State-of-the-art techniques make this approach even more powerful, enabling the detection of individual genes that cause disease.A Simple Chromosome Staining Technique Provides Valuable Scientific InsightSome genetic diseases can be detected by looking at...
Karyotyping01:17

Karyotyping

Describing the number and physical features of chromosomes can reveal abnormalities that underlie genetic diseases. This description is facilitated by special staining techniques that produce a particular banding pattern on each chromosome. State-of-the-art techniques make this approach even more powerful, enabling the detection of individual genes that cause disease.A Simple Chromosome Staining Technique Provides Valuable Scientific InsightSome genetic diseases can be detected by looking at...
X and Y Chromosomes02:32

X and Y Chromosomes

Among mammals, the gender of an organism is determined by the sex chromosomes. Humans have two sex chromosomes, X and Y. Every human diploid cell has 22 pairs of autosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes. A human female has two X chromosomes, while a male has one X chromosome and one Y chromosome.
The germline cells such as egg and sperm cells carry only half the number of chromosomes, i.e., 22 autosomes and one sex chromosome. All eggs have an X chromosome, while sperm cells can carry an X or...
The Ratio of X Chromosome to Autosomes02:45

The Ratio of X Chromosome to Autosomes

In most organisms, sex is determined by the ratio of X and Y chromosomes. However, in some organisms, such as Drosophila and C.elegans, sex is determined by the ratio of the number of X chromosomes to the number of sets of autosomes. The Y chromosome in Drosophila is active but does not determine sex. It contains genes responsible for the production of sperms in adult flies.  
Normal male Drosophila has a ratio of one X chromosome to two sets of autosomes. In contrast, normal female Drosophila...
X-Inactivation01:58

X-Inactivation

The human X chromosome contains over ten times the number of genes as in the Y chromosome. Since males have only one X chromosome, and females have two, one might expect females to produce twice as many of the proteins, with undesirable results.
Crossing Over01:34

Crossing Over

Unlike mitosis, meiosis aims for genetic diversity in its creation of haploid gametes. Dividing germ cells first begin this process in prophase I, where each chromosome—replicated in S phase—is now composed of two sister chromatids (identical copies) joined centrally.
The homologous pairs of sister chromosomes—one from the maternal and one from the paternal genome—then begin to align alongside each other lengthwise, matching corresponding DNA positions in a process called synapsis.
In order to...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 6, 2026

Spectral Karyotyping to Study Chromosome Abnormalities in Humans and Mice with Polycystic Kidney Disease
12:47

Spectral Karyotyping to Study Chromosome Abnormalities in Humans and Mice with Polycystic Kidney Disease

Published on: February 3, 2012

Karyotyping, is it worthwhile in transsexualism?

Adrien Inoubli1, Griet De Cuypere, Robert Rubens

  • 1Department of Endocrinology-Andrology, Center for Sexology and Genderproblems, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.

The Journal of Sexual Medicine
|December 1, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Karyotyping in transsexual individuals rarely reveals abnormalities, with most cases showing normal results. This genetic analysis provides limited clinical information for this population.

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Chromosomal Spread Preparation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells for Karyotyping

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Chromosome Preparation From Cultured Cells

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 6, 2026

Spectral Karyotyping to Study Chromosome Abnormalities in Humans and Mice with Polycystic Kidney Disease
12:47

Spectral Karyotyping to Study Chromosome Abnormalities in Humans and Mice with Polycystic Kidney Disease

Published on: February 3, 2012

Chromosomal Spread Preparation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells for Karyotyping
10:42

Chromosomal Spread Preparation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells for Karyotyping

Published on: September 4, 2009

Chromosome Preparation From Cultured Cells
07:42

Chromosome Preparation From Cultured Cells

Published on: January 28, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Medical Genetics
  • Endocrinology
  • Reproductive Health

Background:

  • Karyotyping is a common procedure for transsexual individuals.
  • Understanding chromosomal profiles is crucial in this demographic.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To quantify and characterize karyotype findings in transsexual persons.
  • To identify the prevalence of chromosomal abnormalities.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective study design.
  • Analysis of karyotypes from 368 transsexual individuals (251 male-to-female, 117 female-to-male).

Main Results:

  • 97.55% of individuals had normal karyotypes.
  • Abnormal karyotypes were found in 3.19% of male-to-female and 0.85% of female-to-male individuals.
  • Identified variations included Klinefelter syndrome and autosomal aberrations.

Conclusions:

  • Karyotyping offers limited diagnostic or clinical information for the transsexual population.
  • The low prevalence of abnormalities suggests routine karyotyping may not be indicated.