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Related Concept Videos

Freezing Point Depression and Boiling Point Elevation03:12

Freezing Point Depression and Boiling Point Elevation

Boiling Point Elevation
The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which its vapor pressure is equal to ambient atmospheric pressure. Since the vapor pressure of a solution is lowered due to the presence of nonvolatile solutes, it stands to reason that the solution’s boiling point will subsequently be increased. Vapor pressure increases with temperature, and so a solution will require a higher temperature than will pure solvent to achieve any given vapor pressure, including one...
Freezing Point Depression and Boiling Point Elevation01:24

Freezing Point Depression and Boiling Point Elevation

When a non-volatile solute is added to a pure solvent, it results in the lowering of the freezing point of the solvent. This phenomenon is called freezing point depression. The extent to which the freezing point is lowered depends on the molality of the solute -the number of moles of solute per kilogram of solvent and the cryoscopic constant of the solvent.From the plot of chemical potential, μ, against temperature, it is evident that the μ of both solid and liquid solvents decrease with...
Responses to Heat and Cold Stress02:45

Responses to Heat and Cold Stress

Every organism has an optimum temperature range within which healthy growth and physiological functioning can occur. At the ends of this range, there will be a minimum and maximum temperature that interrupt biological processes.
Thermal Expansion01:22

Thermal Expansion

The expansion of alcohol in a thermometer is one of many commonly encountered examples of thermal expansion, which is the change in size or volume of a given system as its temperature changes. The most visible example is the expansion of hot air. When air is heated, it expands and becomes less dense than the surrounding air, which then exerts an upward force on the hot air to, for example, make steam and smoke rise, and hot air balloons float. The same behavior happens in all liquids and gases,...
States of Water01:23

States of Water

Water exists in any one of the three classical states: solid (ice), liquid (water), and gas (steam or water vapor). The state of water depends on i) the intermolecular forces that draw molecules together and ii) the kinetic energy that leads to movements that pull them apart.
Water freezes when the intermolecular forces are greater than the kinetic energy. Unlike most other substances, water is less dense in its solid state than in its liquid state. This is because each water molecule can form...
The Water Cycle01:00

The Water Cycle

The Earth’s hydrosphere includes all of the areas where the storage and movement of water occurs. Since water is the basis of all living processes, the cycling of water is extremely important to ecosystem dynamics.

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Updated: Jun 6, 2026

Manufacturing Simple and Inexpensive Soil Surface Temperature and Gravimetric Water Content Sensors
08:49

Manufacturing Simple and Inexpensive Soil Surface Temperature and Gravimetric Water Content Sensors

Published on: December 21, 2019

Water availability in +2°C and +4°C worlds.

Fai Fung1, Ana Lopez, Mark New

  • 1Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QY, UK. fai.fung@ouce.ox.ac.uk

Philosophical Transactions. Series A, Mathematical, Physical, and Engineering Sciences
|December 1, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Global warming impacts on water resources differ significantly between 2°C and 4°C scenarios. Climate change becomes a dominant driver of water stress at 4°C, amplifying runoff seasonality in some regions.

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In Situ Soil Moisture Sensors in Undisturbed Soils
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In Situ Soil Moisture Sensors in Undisturbed Soils

Published on: November 18, 2022

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Manufacturing Simple and Inexpensive Soil Surface Temperature and Gravimetric Water Content Sensors
08:49

Manufacturing Simple and Inexpensive Soil Surface Temperature and Gravimetric Water Content Sensors

Published on: December 21, 2019

In Situ Soil Moisture Sensors in Undisturbed Soils
08:20

In Situ Soil Moisture Sensors in Undisturbed Soils

Published on: November 18, 2022

Area of Science:

  • Climate Science
  • Hydrology
  • Environmental Science

Background:

  • The Copenhagen Accord aimed to limit global warming to 2°C, but current policies risk exceeding this.
  • Unmitigated greenhouse gas emissions may lead to warming greater than 3.5°C.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare water resource impacts and adaptation challenges under 2°C and 4°C global warming scenarios.
  • To assess the relative contributions of climate change and population growth to water availability.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a global hydrological model driven by climate model ensembles for 2°C and 4°C warming.
  • Integrated UN population growth scenarios with hydrological model outputs.
  • Analyzed changes in surface runoff and water resource availability.

Main Results:

  • A 4°C warming scenario shows increased spatial coherence and magnitude of surface runoff changes compared to a 2°C scenario.
  • In a 2°C world, population growth is the primary driver of water stress.
  • In a 4°C world, climate change becomes more dominant, influencing water stress and amplifying runoff seasonality.

Conclusions:

  • Climate change impacts on water resources are significantly more pronounced at 4°C warming.
  • Adaptation strategies must consider the amplified role of climate change in water stress under higher warming scenarios.
  • Understanding the interplay between climate and population is crucial for water resource management.