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Tissue transplantation is a significant medical procedure involving the transfer of cells, tissues, or organs from a donor to a recipient, with the primary aim of restoring lost functions. This procedure is crucial in treating a broad spectrum of diseases, including kidney diseases, liver failure, heart disease, and certain types of cancers.
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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 6, 2026

Measurement of T Cell Alloreactivity Using Imaging Flow Cytometry
09:04

Measurement of T Cell Alloreactivity Using Imaging Flow Cytometry

Published on: April 19, 2017

T-cell alloimmunity and chronic allograft dysfunction.

Niloufar Safinia1, Behdad Afzali, Kerem Atalar

  • 1Medical Research Council Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, King's Health Partners, Guy's Hospital, London, UK.

Kidney International. Supplement
|December 1, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Understanding transplant rejection is key to improving graft survival. T cells play a critical role in chronic allograft dysfunction, but regulatory T cells (Tregs) offer a path to tolerance with less immunosuppression.

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Last Updated: Jun 6, 2026

Measurement of T Cell Alloreactivity Using Imaging Flow Cytometry
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Induction of Alloantigen-specific Anergy in Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells by Alloantigen Stimulation with Co-stimulatory Signal Blockade
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Induction of Alloantigen-specific Anergy in Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells by Alloantigen Stimulation with Co-stimulatory Signal Blockade

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Generation of Human Alloantigen-specific T Cells from Peripheral Blood
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Generation of Human Alloantigen-specific T Cells from Peripheral Blood

Published on: November 21, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Transplantation Medicine
  • Cellular Biology

Background:

  • Solid organ transplantation is vital for end-stage organ disease but faces rejection barriers.
  • Chronic allograft dysfunction (CAD) is a major cause of late graft loss despite immunosuppression.
  • Recipient alloimmunity, driven by antigen-presenting cells and T cells, underlies rejection.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review mechanisms of allorecognition in chronic allograft dysfunction.
  • To examine T-cell effector phenotypes involved in allograft rejection.
  • To explore future therapeutic strategies based on understanding rejection pathways.

Main Methods:

  • Review of scientific literature on transplant immunology and rejection pathways.
  • Analysis of T-cell mediated alloresponses, including direct, indirect, and semidirect recognition.
  • Examination of the roles of T-helper (Th1, Th17) and regulatory T cells (Tregs).

Main Results:

  • Allorecognition pathways critically involve antigen-presenting cells (APCs).
  • Effector responses in rejection are dominated by recipient T cells, particularly Th1 and Th17 lineages.
  • Regulatory T cells (Tregs) can prevent rejection and promote allograft tolerance.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding T-cell pathways in allograft rejection is crucial for managing CAD.
  • Future therapies may involve targeting donor-reactive lymphocytes or enhancing Treg function.
  • Treg therapy presents a promising approach for achieving transplant tolerance with reduced immunosuppression.