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Related Concept Videos

Solid–Solid Solutions01:24

Solid–Solid Solutions

The temperature-composition phase diagram of two solids, A and B, which are immiscible in the solid phase but form miscible liquids, shows that when the temperature is low, these two exist as separate, pure solids (A and B). As the temperature increases, they transition into a single-phase liquid solution where A and B coexist. Moving from point a1 to a2 in the phase diagram, the composition changes such that solid B begins to separate from the solution, enriching the remaining liquid with A.
Thermal and Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Overview01:26

Thermal and Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Overview

Electrocyclic reactions are reversible reactions. They involve an intramolecular cyclization or ring-opening of a conjugated polyene. Shown below are two examples of electrocyclic reactions. In the first reaction, the formation of the cyclic product is favored. In contrast, in the second reaction, ring-opening is favored due to the high ring strain associated with cyclobutene formation.
Thermal Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry01:17

Thermal Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry

The stereochemistry of electrocyclic reactions is strongly influenced by the orbital symmetry of the polyene HOMO. Under thermal conditions, the reaction proceeds via the ground-state HOMO.
Selection Rules: Thermal Activation
Conjugated systems containing an even number of π-electron pairs undergo a conrotatory ring closure. For example, thermal electrocyclization of (2E,4E)-2,4-hexadiene, a conjugated diene containing two π-electron pairs, gives trans-3,4-dimethylcyclobutene.
Phase Diagrams of Ternary Systems01:28

Phase Diagrams of Ternary Systems

Consider a ternary system, which is composed of three components: water (W), ethanoic acid (E), and trichloromethane (T). Here, Ethanoic acid (E) is fully miscible with both water (W) and trichloromethane (T), meaning it can mix entirely with either of them. However, water and trichloromethane have partial miscibility, meaning they can only mix to a certain extent, beyond which two separate phases will form.The phase diagram of a ternary system is represented as an equilateral triangle, where...
Aromatic Hydrocarbon Cations: Structural Overview01:18

Aromatic Hydrocarbon Cations: Structural Overview

Cycloheptatriene is a neutral monocyclic unsaturated hydrocarbon that consists of an odd number of carbon atoms and an intervening sp3 carbon in the ring. The three double bonds in the ring correspond to 6 π electrons, which is a Huckel number, and therefore satisfies the criteria of 4n + 2 π electrons. However, the intervening sp3 carbon disrupts the continuous overlap of p orbitals. As a result, cycloheptatriene is not aromatic.
Removing one hydrogen from the intervening CH2 group with both...
Electrophilic Addition to Alkynes: Hydrohalogenation02:35

Electrophilic Addition to Alkynes: Hydrohalogenation

Electrophilic addition of hydrogen halides, HX (X = Cl, Br or I) to alkenes forms alkyl halides as per Markovnikov's rule, where the hydrogen gets added to the less substituted carbon of the double bond. Hydrohalogenation of alkynes takes place in a similar manner, with the first addition of HX forming a vinyl halide and the second giving a geminal dihalide.

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Anthracene + Pyrene Solid Mixtures: Eutectic and Azeotropic Character.

James W Rice1, Jinxia Fu, Eric M Suuberg

  • 1Brown University Division of Engineering Providence, RI USA 02912.

Journal of Chemical and Engineering Data
|December 1, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study maps the phase behavior of anthracene and pyrene mixtures, revealing a eutectic point and solid azeotropes. The findings indicate pyrene-like crystal structures in mixtures until near-pure anthracene compositions are reached.

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Area of Science:

  • Physical Chemistry
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are crucial in various industrial and environmental processes.
  • Understanding the thermodynamic behavior of PAH mixtures is essential for predicting their phase transitions and properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To characterize the thermodynamic behavior and phase diagram of the binary anthracene + pyrene mixture.
  • To investigate the influence of composition on the enthalpy of fusion and crystal structure of anthracene-pyrene mixtures.

Main Methods:

  • Thermochemical experiments
  • Vapor pressure measurements
  • Solid-liquid phase diagram mapping
  • X-ray diffraction analysis
  • Solid-vapor equilibrium studies

Main Results:

  • A solid-liquid phase diagram was established with a eutectic point at 404 K and x(1) = 0.22.
  • Mixtures with x(1) < 0.90 exhibit enthalpy of fusion near that of pure pyrene, suggesting pyrene-like crystal structures.
  • Solid azeotropes were identified at x(1) = 0.03 and 0.14 in solid-vapor equilibrium studies.
  • Anthracene-rich mixtures (x(1) = 0.99) sublime at the vapor pressure of pure anthracene, indicating minimal influence from pyrene.

Conclusions:

  • The anthracene-pyrene system exhibits complex phase behavior, including eutectic formation and solid azeotropes.
  • Crystal structure and energetics are predominantly pyrene-like for a wide range of compositions.
  • Anthracene's thermodynamic behavior remains largely unaffected by low concentrations of pyrene in the solid phase.