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Related Concept Videos

The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...
Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The iodine is then...
Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
Graves' Disease I: Introduction01:28

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence in...
Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...
Goiter01:27

Goiter

Goiter refers to an abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland that may appear as a diffuse goiter (uniform enlargement) or nodular (single or multiple nodules). Functionally, it is classified as nontoxic (normal/low hormone levels) or toxic (excess hormone production).PathophysiologyDiffuse thyroid enlargement typically results from prolonged stimulation by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) or TSH-like agents, commonly seen in hypothyroidism or iodine deficiency. In contrast, in hyperthyroid...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 22, 2026

A Swin Transformer-Based Model for Thyroid Nodule Detection in Ultrasound Images
04:23

A Swin Transformer-Based Model for Thyroid Nodule Detection in Ultrasound Images

Published on: April 21, 2023

Screening for thyroid disease.

M Helfand1, L M Crapo

  • 1NCHSR Fellows Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, California.

Annals of Internal Medicine
|June 1, 1990
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Screening for thyroid dysfunction is most useful for women over 40 and geriatric patients. Routine thyroid function tests are not recommended for the general population or acutely ill hospitalized patients.

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Internal Medicine
  • Clinical Diagnostics

Background:

  • Thyroid dysfunction affects a significant portion of the population.
  • Early detection and treatment are crucial for managing thyroid disorders.
  • The utility of screening varies across different patient populations and clinical settings.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the effectiveness and yield of thyroid dysfunction screening in diverse clinical environments.
  • To determine the most appropriate settings and patient groups for thyroid function testing.

Main Methods:

  • A comprehensive review and synthesis of existing medical literature.
  • Analysis of screening yields and cost-effectiveness in various populations.

Main Results:

  • Community screening identifies overt thyroid dysfunction in ~0.5% of the general population, with higher yield in women over 40 (1%).
  • Case-finding in clinic patients offers a better yield and is more cost-effective than general community screening.
  • Routine thyroid function testing is not beneficial for acutely ill hospitalized patients but may benefit those admitted to specialized geriatric units (2-5% prevalence of treatable thyroid disease).

Conclusions:

  • Case-finding for thyroid dysfunction is valuable in specific groups, particularly women over 40.
  • Routine thyroid function testing can be beneficial for patients in specialized geriatric units.
  • Universal community screening and routine testing for acutely ill medical or psychiatric patients are not indicated.