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Related Concept Videos

Bone Disorders01:29

Bone Disorders

Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
Bone deposition is also affected by the levels of sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone that promote osteoblast activity and bone matrix synthesis. When the level of these hormones decreases due to aging, it causes a reduction in bone deposition. As a result, bone resorption by osteoclasts...
Bone Remodeling and Repair01:31

Bone Remodeling and Repair

Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during bone...
Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling01:31

Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling

Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during bone...
Bone Structure01:55

Bone Structure

Within the skeletal system, the structure of a bone, or osseous tissue, can be exemplified in a long bone, like the femur, where there are two types of osseous tissue: cortical and cancellous.
Role of Vitamins in Maintaining Bone Health01:25

Role of Vitamins in Maintaining Bone Health

The growth and maintenance of bone are regulated by a combination of nutritional factors, including vitamins, such as vitamin A, B12, C, D, and K.
Vitamin A
Vitamin A is involved in the process of bone remodeling. Retinoic acid, the active metabolite of Vitamin A, has nuclear receptors in osteoblasts and osteoclasts, which are involved in bone remodeling.
Vitamin B12
Vitamin B12 acts as a cofactor during the formation of osteoblast-related proteins, such as osteocalcin. Vitamin B12 plays a role...
Essential Minerals for Bone Health01:31

Essential Minerals for Bone Health

The minerals contained in all of the food we consume are essential for our organ systems. However, certain essential minerals, such as calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, manganese, and fluoride, largely affect bone health.
Calcium and Phosphorus
Calcium is a critical component of bones, especially in the form of calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate. Since the body cannot make calcium, it must be obtained from the diet. However, calcium cannot be absorbed from the small intestine without...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 6, 2026

Cortical Bone Assessment Using Ultrasonic Guided Waves: A Reproducibility Study in a Healthy Population
09:02

Cortical Bone Assessment Using Ultrasonic Guided Waves: A Reproducibility Study in a Healthy Population

Published on: January 31, 2025

Methods for assessing bone quality: a review.

Eve Donnelly1

  • 1Mineralized Tissues Laboratory, Hospital for Special Surgery, 535 East 70th Street, New York, NY, 10021, USA, donnellye@hss.edu.

Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research
|December 1, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Bone strength depends on quantity and quality. This review details methods for assessing bone quality across scales, highlighting their strengths and weaknesses for a comprehensive understanding.

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedics and Biomedical Engineering
  • Skeletal Biology and Physiology

Background:

  • Bone structural integrity relies on mass, geometry, and material properties.
  • Bone strength is determined by both bone quantity and quality.
  • Bone quality encompasses geometric and material factors influencing fracture resistance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review methods for assessing bone quality across multiple length scales.
  • To outline the outcomes, advantages, and disadvantages of each method.

Main Methods:

  • Literature search of PubMed for bone mechanical testing, imaging, and compositional analysis methods.
  • Inclusion of articles based on specific exclusion criteria.

Main Results:

  • Mechanical testing (whole-bone, indentation) directly assesses strength but destroys specimens.
  • Imaging (qCT, HR-pQCT, HR-MRI, micro-CT) noninvasively characterizes geometry and microarchitecture but not strength directly.
  • Compositional analysis (SEM, spectroscopy, NMR) provides detailed material properties but requires biopsies.

Conclusions:

  • No single method fully characterizes bone quality.
  • Combining noninvasive imaging with ex vivo mechanical and compositional analyses offers a comprehensive understanding.