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Related Concept Videos

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Overview and Drug Absorption01:23

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Overview and Drug Absorption

Understanding the physiological differences in the pediatric population is crucial for effective pharmacotherapy. Neonates, infants, and children exhibit significant variations in gastric pH, gastric emptying time, intestinal transit time, and biliary function. These variations profoundly affect oral drug absorption, necessitating a nuanced approach to pediatric dosing.Neonates present with a unique physiological profile, having a gastric pH greater than 4 and faster and more irregular gastric...
Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Distribution01:17

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Distribution

Drug distribution in the pediatric population exhibits unique challenges and considerations due to the physiological differences between children, particularly neonates and infants, and adults. A crucial aspect of pediatric pharmacology is understanding how these differences impact the pharmacokinetics of various drugs, necessitating age-specific dosing strategies to ensure efficacy and safety.Neonates and infants have a higher total body water content, ~75%–90% of their body weight, compared...
Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Metabolism01:24

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Metabolism

In pediatric care, understanding the nuances of hepatic drug metabolism is crucial, as it significantly differs from that of adults. This divergence is primarily due to the developmental stage of drug-metabolizing enzymes, which affects how medications are processed in the body. In neonates, for instance, the activity of Phase I enzymes—critical for the initial breakdown of drugs—is markedly reduced, functioning at just 20–40% of the levels seen in adults. This reduction poses a challenge in...
Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Excretion01:26

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Excretion

In pediatric medicine, understanding the renal function and drug elimination nuances is crucial for administering safe and effective treatments. Newborns, in particular, display markedly slower renal functions than adults, profoundly affecting how drugs are cleared from their bodies. This slower drug clearance requires clinicians to extend the dosing intervals for many medications to prevent drug accumulation and toxicity while ensuring therapeutic efficacy.One key area where these adjustments...
Drug Dosing: Infants and Children01:29

Drug Dosing: Infants and Children

Pediatric patient dosages diverge from adults due to disparities in body surface area, total body water, and extracellular fluid per kilogram of body weight. The dosing regimen considers the variations in pharmacokinetics and pharmacology across distinct age groups, encompassing preterm newborns, infants, young children, older children, and adolescents. Calculation of pediatric patient doses is predicated on determining body surface area, which exhibits a superior correlation with the child's...
Pharmacokinetics in Geriatric Patients: Effect of Age on Drug Distribution01:00

Pharmacokinetics in Geriatric Patients: Effect of Age on Drug Distribution

Drug distribution in the human body is influenced by several factors, including plasma protein concentration, body composition, blood flow, tissue-protein concentration, and tissue fluid pH. Among these, changes in plasma protein concentration and body composition due to aging significantly affect how drugs are distributed within the body. Specifically, aging is associated with a decrease in albumin levels by about 10% and an increase in α1-acid glycoprotein levels. These alterations are not...

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A Robust Pneumonia Model in Immunocompetent Rodents to Evaluate Antibacterial Efficacy against S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa or A. baumannii
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A Robust Pneumonia Model in Immunocompetent Rodents to Evaluate Antibacterial Efficacy against S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa or A. baumannii

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Advances in paediatric pharmacokinetics.

Catherijne A J Knibbe1, Elke H J Krekels, Meindert Danhof

  • 1University of Leiden, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Division of Pharmacology, Leiden, The Netherlands. c.knibbe@antoniusziekenhuis.nl

Expert Opinion on Drug Metabolism & Toxicology
|December 2, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Optimizing drug doses for children requires understanding age-related pharmacokinetic changes. Future research should focus on developing predictive pharmacokinetic models for safer and individualized pediatric dosing guidelines.

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Last Updated: Jun 6, 2026

A Robust Pneumonia Model in Immunocompetent Rodents to Evaluate Antibacterial Efficacy against S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa or A. baumannii
09:17

A Robust Pneumonia Model in Immunocompetent Rodents to Evaluate Antibacterial Efficacy against S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa or A. baumannii

Published on: January 2, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics in Pediatrics
  • Drug Development and Dosing Optimization

Background:

  • Growing interest in pediatric pharmacokinetics highlights the importance of age-related changes in drug disposition for optimizing pediatric drug dosing.
  • Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic relationships are critical for determining optimal drug dosages, especially in pediatric populations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review advances in pediatric pharmacokinetic modeling and analysis.
  • To discuss challenges and future directions in pediatric drug dosing research.
  • To highlight the need for validated, predictive pharmacokinetic models for pediatric use.

Main Methods:

  • Discussion of advanced analysis and validation approaches for pediatric pharmacokinetic data.
  • Review of existing descriptive pediatric pharmacokinetic models and their limitations.
  • Emphasis on data sharing between academia and industry to reduce the burden of pediatric studies.

Main Results:

  • Progress has been made in developing descriptive pediatric pharmacokinetic models for specific drugs and age groups.
  • Analysis and diagnostic tools for pediatric model building and evaluation have been identified.
  • Current scaling approaches lack universal value for extrapolating findings across different age ranges or drugs.

Conclusions:

  • Future research should prioritize mechanistic and validated pharmacokinetic models with predictive and extrapolation capabilities.
  • Development of algorithms for first-time-in-child doses and individualized pediatric dosing guidelines is essential.
  • Focus on specific elimination routes will enhance the utility of pharmacokinetic models in pediatric drug therapy.