Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Essential Minerals for Bone Health01:31

Essential Minerals for Bone Health

The minerals contained in all of the food we consume are essential for our organ systems. However, certain essential minerals, such as calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, manganese, and fluoride, largely affect bone health.
Calcium and Phosphorus
Calcium is a critical component of bones, especially in the form of calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate. Since the body cannot make calcium, it must be obtained from the diet. However, calcium cannot be absorbed from the small intestine without...
Enzyme Inhibition01:30

Enzyme Inhibition

Inhibitors are molecules that reduce enzyme activity by binding to the enzyme. In a normally functioning cell, enzymes are regulated by a variety of inhibitors. Drugs and other toxins can also inhibit enzymes. Some inhibitors bind to the enzyme’s active site, while others inhibit enzymatic activity by binding to other sites on the protein structure.
Minerals01:26

Minerals

Minerals are essential nutrients that the human body needs in small amounts to work properly. They play a vital role in many bodily functions, such as building strong bones and transmitting nerve impulses. Some minerals are needed for hormone production or to maintain a normal heartbeat. Major minerals include calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, sodium, chlorine, and magnesium, while trace minerals include iron, manganese, copper, iodine, zinc, cobalt, fluoride, and selenium.
ortho–para-Directing Deactivators: Halogens01:24

ortho–para-Directing Deactivators: Halogens

Halogens are ortho–para directors. They are more electronegative than carbon. Therefore, as ring substituents, they can withdraw electrons through the inductive effect and deactivate the aromatic ring towards electrophilic substitution. Halogens also have an electron-donating resonance effect on the ring, which influences the orientation of the incoming electrophile. If an electrophile attacks at the ortho or the para position, the halogen donates electrons and stabilizes the intermediate...
Roles of Electrolytes: Calcium and Phosphate01:27

Roles of Electrolytes: Calcium and Phosphate

Calcium and phosphate are essential electrolytes in the human body, with calcium being the most abundant mineral. Around 99% of the body's calcium is stored in the skeleton and teeth, forming a crystal lattice of mineral salts in combination with phosphates. Calcium plays crucial roles in various bodily functions such as blood clotting, neurotransmitter release, muscle tone maintenance, and nervous and muscle tissue excitability.
The calcium concentration in blood plasma is primarily regulated...
Inhibitors of Bacterial DNA Synthesis01:28

Inhibitors of Bacterial DNA Synthesis

Bacterial pathogens depend on precise and efficient DNA replication to sustain infection. Two type II topoisomerases—DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV—are critical to this process, as they resolve DNA supercoiling and unlink chromosomes during replication. Fluoroquinolones, synthetic derivatives of quinolones, exploit this mechanism by stabilizing the transient DNA–enzyme cleavage complex, preventing strand religation, and causing lethal double-strand breaks. These antibiotics are selectively...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Thrombotic thrombocytopenia following ChAdOx1 nCov-19 vaccination.

Acute medicine·2021
Same author

Higher order genomic organization and epigenetic control maintain cellular identity and prevent breast cancer.

Genes, chromosomes & cancer·2019
Same author

Rodent Dental Fluorosis Model: Extraction of Enamel Organ from Rat Incisors.

Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.)·2019
Same author

Does virtual reality simulation have a role in training trauma and orthopaedic surgeons?

The bone & joint journal·2018
Same author

MMP20 Overexpression Disrupts Molar Ameloblast Polarity and Migration.

Journal of dental research·2018
Same author

Passive and post-exercise cold-water immersion augments PGC-1α and VEGF expression in human skeletal muscle.

European journal of applied physiology·2016
Same journal

Gold Nanoparticles Enhance the Antibacterial and Osteogenic Properties of Polyetheretherketone.

Journal of dental research·2026
Same journal

Periodontitis-Aggravated Diabetic Kidney Disease with Altered Glycolysis.

Journal of dental research·2026
Same journal

Response to Letter to Editor: "Estimating the Individualized Effect of Tooth Extraction before Radiotherapy on Osteoradionecrosis Using Causal Machine Learning".

Journal of dental research·2026
Same journal

Reorienting Oral Health Promotion through Systems Thinking.

Journal of dental research·2026
Same journal

<i>Porphyromonas gingivalis</i>-Induced NETs Mediate Neuroinflammation via TLR4 Activation.

Journal of dental research·2026
Same journal

Oral Burden of Sjögren Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Journal of dental research·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 6, 2026

Micro-dissection of Enamel Organ from Mandibular Incisor of Rats Exposed to Environmental Toxicants
08:12

Micro-dissection of Enamel Organ from Mandibular Incisor of Rats Exposed to Environmental Toxicants

Published on: March 29, 2018

Fluoride does not inhibit enamel protease activity.

C E Tye1, J V Antone, J D Bartlett

  • 1Department of Cytokine Biology, The Forsyth Institute, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, USA.

Journal of Dental Research
|December 2, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Fluoride does not directly inhibit key proteinases involved in enamel formation, including matrix metalloproteinase-20 (MMP20) and kallikrein-4 (KLK4). This finding suggests fluoride

More Related Videos

Microhardness Measurements on Tooth and Alveolar Bone in Rodent Oral Disease Models
06:16

Microhardness Measurements on Tooth and Alveolar Bone in Rodent Oral Disease Models

Published on: April 26, 2024

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 6, 2026

Micro-dissection of Enamel Organ from Mandibular Incisor of Rats Exposed to Environmental Toxicants
08:12

Micro-dissection of Enamel Organ from Mandibular Incisor of Rats Exposed to Environmental Toxicants

Published on: March 29, 2018

Microhardness Measurements on Tooth and Alveolar Bone in Rodent Oral Disease Models
06:16

Microhardness Measurements on Tooth and Alveolar Bone in Rodent Oral Disease Models

Published on: April 26, 2024

Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Developmental Biology
  • Dental Enamel Research

Background:

  • Fluorosed enamel can exhibit defects like porosity and hypomineralization due to incomplete matrix removal.
  • Matrix metalloproteinase-20 (MMP20) and kallikrein-4 (KLK4) are crucial proteases for proper enamel formation.
  • Mutations in MMP20 or KLK4 lead to hypomineralized, protein-rich enamel.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the potential direct inhibitory effect of fluoride on enamel matrix proteases.
  • To determine if fluoride impacts the activity of MMP20, KLK4, dipeptidyl peptidase I (DPPI), or cathepsin K.

Main Methods:

  • Enzyme kinetics were assessed using purified enzymes and quenched fluorescent peptides.
  • Reactions were conducted in the presence of varying sodium fluoride (NaF) concentrations (0-10 mM).
  • Data were analyzed using Michaelis-Menten kinetics to evaluate enzyme activity.

Main Results:

  • Fluoride concentrations up to 10 mM did not inhibit the activity of KLK4, MMP20, DPPI, or cathepsin K.
  • Known inhibitors demonstrated expected decreases in enzyme activity, validating the experimental setup.
  • The results indicate no direct inhibition of enamel proteolytic enzymes by fluoride.

Conclusions:

  • Fluoride does not directly inhibit the proteolytic activity of key enzymes essential for enamel matrix degradation.
  • This suggests that the mechanisms underlying fluoride-induced enamel defects are not due to direct protease inhibition.