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Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna

Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna

The ulna and radius are parallel bones of the antebrachium or the forearm. The ulna lies medially and consists of a bony tip called the olecranon process at its proximal end. This hook-like projection articulates with the olecranon fossa of the humerus and forms the "hinged" ulnohumeral part of the elbow joint. This joint facilitates forearm extension and flexion while preventing its hyperextension. Similarly, the coronoid process, another bony projection on the proximal/anterior side of the...

Muscles that Move the Forearm

Muscles that Move the Forearm

The muscles that move the forearms can be divided into four groups: forearm flexors, forearm extensors, forearm pronators, and forearm supinators. The flexors and extensors act on the elbow joint, while the pronators and supinators act on the radioulnar joints.
Forearm Flexors
The biceps brachii, brachialis, and brachioradialis are forearm flexors. The biceps brachii is made up of two heads. Its long head originates at the supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula, whereas that of the short head is...

Arteries of the Upper Limbs

Arteries of the Upper Limbs

The subclavian artery transitions into the axillary artery as it exits the chest and enters the axillary region. This artery is critical for supplying blood to the shoulder area, including the head of the humerus, through the humeral circumflex arteries. As the vessel continues into the upper arm or brachium, it becomes the brachial artery. This artery plays a key role in vascularizing the brachial region and bifurcates at the elbow into several branches. These branches include the deep...

Muscles of the Forearm that Move the Hand and Fingers

Muscles of the Forearm that Move the Hand and Fingers

The muscles of the forearm that move the wrist, hand, and digits are numerous and diverse. They can be classified into two groups based on their location and function — the anterior and posterior compartment muscles.
Anterior Compartment
The anterior compartment muscles originate from the humerus. They primarily function as flexors and are also known as flexor muscles. They typically insert on the carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges. The superficial layer includes the flexor carpi radialis,...

Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius

Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius

The radius is longer of the two bones that make up the human antebrachium or forearm. At the proximal end, the radius articulates with the capitulum of the humerus and the radial notch of the ulna to form the elbow joint. At the distal end, the radius articulates with the ulna via the ulnar notch, forming the distal radioulnar joint. Distally, the radius also attaches to the carpal wrist bones (scaphoid and lunate) to form the radiocarpal joint.
The radius has a nail-shaped head, and a short...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 6, 2026

Vascularized Composite Hand Allograft Procurement and Preparation for Distal and Proximal Forearm Allotransplantation: A Stepwise Approach

Vascularized Composite Hand Allograft Procurement and Preparation for Distal and Proximal Forearm Allotransplantation: A Stepwise Approach

Published on: May 23, 2025

Transverse ulnar forearm flap.

Mark C Martin¹, Gustavo R Machado, Wendy W Wong

¹Department of Plastic Surgery, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA. mcmartin@llu.edu

The Journal of Craniofacial Surgery

|December 2, 2010

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

The transverse ulnar forearm flap (TUFF) offers a versatile solution for reconstructions requiring small, thin, hairless flaps with long pedicles. This technique ensures flap survival and satisfactory functional outcomes for patients.

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Vascularized Composite Hand Allograft Procurement and Preparation for Distal and Proximal Forearm Allotransplantation: A Stepwise Approach

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Procurement and Perfusion-Decellularization of Porcine Vascularized Flaps in a Customized Perfusion Bioreactor

Procurement and Perfusion-Decellularization of Porcine Vascularized Flaps in a Customized Perfusion Bioreactor

Published on: August 1, 2022

Area of Science:

Plastic Surgery
Reconstructive Surgery
Microsurgery

Background:

The transverse ulnar forearm flap (TUFF) is a specialized reconstructive tool.
It is indicated for recipient sites needing small, thin, hairless flaps with long vascular pedicles.
TUFF offers benefits like inconspicuous donor sites and primary closure.

Observation:

The TUFF technique involves a transverse flap design with a proximally extended ulnar artery pedicle.
Donor site closure is achieved using a V-Y advancement of a radially based fasciocutaneous flap.
The procedure was performed in 5 consecutive cases.

Findings:

All transverse ulnar forearm flaps and radial fasciocutaneous flaps demonstrated complete survival.
No partial or total flap losses or ischemic hand complications occurred.
Functional outcomes, including two-point fingertip discrimination and range of motion, were satisfactory, with one scar revision.

Implications:

The TUFF is a valuable modification of forearm flap techniques for specific reconstructive needs.
Its characteristics make it ideal for orbital and palatal reconstruction.
This flap provides a reliable option for complex head and neck reconstructions.