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Related Concept Videos

Long-term Potentiation01:35

Long-term Potentiation

Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre- and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Long-term Potentiation01:25

Long-term Potentiation

Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
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Immunological memory, a pivotal pillar of the adaptive immune system, is responsible for the body's ability to remember and respond more swiftly and effectively to previously encountered pathogens. This remarkable feature is what makes vaccines so effective in preventing diseases.
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Long-term depression, or LTD, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTD is the process of synaptic weakening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic weakening of LTD works in opposition to synaptic strengthening by long-term potentiation (LTP) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
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Long-term Depression01:05

Long-term Depression

Long-term depression, or LTD, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTD is the process of synaptic weakening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic weakening of LTD works in opposition to synaptic strengthening by long-term potentiation (LTP) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Long-Term Memory01:18

Long-Term Memory

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Persistently Increased Expression of PKMzeta and Unbiased Gene Expression Profiles Identify Hippocampal Molecular Traces of a Long-Term Active Place Avoidance Memory and "Shadow" Proteins.

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Maintenance of memory by negative feedback of synaptic protein elimination: modeling KIBRA-PKMζ dynamics in LTP.

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Maintenance of memory by negative-feedback of synaptic protein elimination: Modeling KIBRA- <math><mi>P</mi> <mi>K</mi> <mi>M</mi> <mi>ζ</mi></math> dynamics in LTP.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 6, 2026

Improved Preparation and Preservation of Hippocampal Mouse Slices for a Very Stable and Reproducible Recording of Long-term Potentiation
09:39

Improved Preparation and Preservation of Hippocampal Mouse Slices for a Very Stable and Reproducible Recording of Long-term Potentiation

Published on: June 26, 2013

How does PKMζ maintain long-term memory?

Todd C Sacktor1

  • 1The Robert F. Furchgott Center of Neural and Behavioural Science, Department of Physiology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, 450 Clarkson Avenue, Brooklyn, New York 11203, USA. tsacktor@downstate.edu

Nature Reviews. Neuroscience
|December 2, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Protein kinase Mζ (PKMζ) may maintain long-term memories by perpetuating information at synapses. This discovery offers a molecular mechanism for memory storage, addressing a gap in understanding how memories persist over time.

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Last Updated: Jun 6, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Molecular Biology
  • Cognitive Science

Background:

  • Long-term memory consolidation occurs shortly after learning.
  • Mechanisms for maintaining memories during storage are less understood.
  • Synaptic plasticity is crucial for memory formation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify the molecular mechanisms underlying long-term memory storage.
  • To investigate the role of protein kinase Mζ (PKMζ) in memory maintenance.
  • To explore how PKMζ perpetuates information at synapses.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent research on PKMζ and memory.
  • Analysis of molecular pathways involved in synaptic potentiation.
  • Examination of evidence for PKMζ's role in memory persistence.

Main Results:

  • Protein kinase Mζ (PKMζ) is persistently active and maintains synaptic long-term potentiation.
  • PKMζ appears to be a key molecular player in long-term memory storage.
  • Evidence suggests PKMζ perpetuates information both at the synapse and within the memory trace.

Conclusions:

  • PKMζ provides a potential molecular mechanism for long-term memory storage.
  • Further research is needed to fully elucidate PKMζ's function in memory maintenance.
  • Understanding PKMζ's role could lead to new insights into memory disorders.