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Local Anesthetics: Common Agents and Their Applications

Local Anesthetics: Common Agents and Their Applications

Local anesthetics (LAs) are commonly used for various applications in medical and dental procedures. Some of the common agents used are cocaine, lidocaine, and bupivacaine.
Cocaine is an ester of benzoic acid and methylecgogine. It is used to anesthetize and vasoconstrict locally. Currently, it is used primarily for topical applications. It is beneficial for surgeries on the upper respiratory tract, providing anesthesia and shrinking the mucosa. Cocaine in the form of cocaine hydrochloride is...

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Surface, Infiltration, and Conduction Block Anesthesia

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Surface, Infiltration, and Conduction Block Anesthesia

Depending on the target organ, local anesthetics (LAs) can be administered via various routes. In surface anesthesia, LAs are applied directly to the surface of the skin or mucous membranes. It is widely used for topical skin numbing before venipuncture or minor surgical procedures. Commonly used surface local anesthetics are lidocaine or benzocaine sprays or creams. Surface anesthesia occurs within 5 minutes and lasts for about 60 minutes. One of the main disadvantages of topical anesthesia is...

Local Anesthetics: Pharmacokinetics

Local Anesthetics: Pharmacokinetics

The potency and duration of action of local anesthetics (LAs) are determined by their pharmacokinetics. Pharmacokinetics describes how LAs are absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and eliminated from the body. When administered to the vascular tissues, LAs are quickly absorbed and enter the systemic circulation, reducing their localized effects. Adding vasoconstrictors such as epinephrine to LAs reduces their absorption into the systemic circulation, making them clinically effective. The...

Local Anesthetics: Chemistry and Structure-Activity Relationship

Local Anesthetics: Chemistry and Structure-Activity Relationship

Local anesthetics (LAs) are drugs that induce a temporary loss of sensation in a limited body area, preventing pain. Cocaine was the first local anesthetic discovered in the late 19th century. Cocaine is a benzoic acid ester obtained from the leaves of coca shrubs and was often used for its psychotropic effects. Cocaine was first isolated in 1860 by Albert Niemann. Sigmund Freud studied the physiological actions of cocaine. Carl Koller later introduced it into clinical practice in 1884 as a...

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Intravenous Regional Anesthesia

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Intravenous Regional Anesthesia

Intravenous regional anesthesia or the Bier block technique is used to anesthetize a specific limb or extremity. It uses exsanguinated or blood-drained vessels to transport local anesthetics or LAs to the peripheral nerve trunks. Lidocaine without vasoconstrictors like epinephrine is most commonly used for this technique. Other drugs used are prilocaine, ropivacaine, and chloroprocaine. Bupivacaine is not recommended for this technique due to its high cardiac toxicity.
One of the advantages of...

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia

Epidural anesthetics are administered in the fat-filled epidural space, the outermost part of the spinal canal. This technique is commonly employed for pain management and anesthesia during lower abdomen and pelvis surgeries or labor and delivery.
Since epidural anesthetics can be infused through an epidural catheter, all types of drugs, including short-acting ones, can be administered. Chloroprocaine and lidocaine are examples of short and long-duration anesthetics, respectively. Bupivacaine...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 6, 2026

Intracameral Injection in Rats with Low Risk of Adverse Effects

Intracameral Injection in Rats with Low Risk of Adverse Effects

Published on: May 31, 2024

Topical anesthesia in phacoemulsification.

¹Department of Ophthalmology, King Abdulaziz University, College of Medicine, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.

Oman Journal of Ophthalmology

|December 2, 2010

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Topical anesthesia using Benoxinate and Xylocaine gel is a safe and effective alternative for cataract surgery. Patient and surgeon satisfaction were high, with minimal complications in selected cases.

Keywords:

Clear cornea phacoemulsification patient and surgeon satisfaction sedation topical anesthesia

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Last Updated: Jun 6, 2026

Intracameral Injection in Rats with Low Risk of Adverse Effects

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Rotating the Intraocular Lens to Prevent Posterior Capsular Opacification in Cataract Surgeries

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Published on: July 7, 2023

Area of Science:

Ophthalmology
Anesthesiology

Background:

Traditional anesthesia methods for cataract surgery include peribulbar or retrobulbar blocks.
Concerns about needle-based anesthesia risks prompt investigation into alternatives.

Purpose of the Study:

To assess the efficacy of topical Benoxinate 0.4% and Xylocaine gel as anesthesia for cataract surgery.
To evaluate topical anesthesia as a substitute for block anesthesia in selected patients.

Main Methods:

A prospective study involving 300 patients undergoing cataract surgery.
Patients received topical Benoxinate 0.4% eye drops and Xylocaine gel 2% for anesthesia.
All surgeries were performed by a single surgeon using standardized phacoemulsification and IOL implantation.

Main Results:

No patients experienced severe pain; only 2% required intravenous sedation.
High satisfaction reported by both patients and the surgeon.
No significant eye movements or blepharospasm; no serious complications occurred.

Conclusions:

Topical anesthesia with Benoxinate and Xylocaine gel is a safe and satisfactory alternative.
It is suitable for clear corneal phacoemulsification and IOL implantation in selected patients.
Effectiveness is demonstrated in the hands of experienced cataract surgeons.