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Related Concept Videos

Chemical Equations03:10

Chemical Equations

Chemical equations represent the identities and relative quantities of substances involved in a chemical reaction. The substances undergoing reaction are called reactants, and their formulas are placed on the left side of the equation. The substances generated by the reaction are called products, and their formulas are placed on the right side of the equation. Plus signs (+) separate individual reactant and product formulas, and an arrow (→) separates the reactant and product (left and right)...
Chemical Reactions01:19

Chemical Reactions

A chemical reaction is a process by which the bonds in the atoms of substances are rearranged to generate new substances. Matter cannot be created or destroyed in a chemical reaction—the same type and number of atoms that make up the reactants are still present in the products. Merely, the rearrangement of chemical bonds produces new compounds.
Chemical Reactions Rearrange Atoms into New Substances
A chemical reaction takes starting materials—the reactants—and changes them into different...
Chemical Reactions02:26

Chemical Reactions

A balanced chemical equation provides the information of chemical formulas of the reactants and products involved in the chemical change. A reaction’s stoichiometry helps predict how much of the reactant is needed to produce the desired amount of product, or in some cases, how much product will be formed from a specific amount of the reactant.
The relative amounts of reactants and products represented in a balanced chemical equation are often referred to as stoichiometric amounts. However, in...
Introduction to Chemical Reactions01:23

Introduction to Chemical Reactions

All chemical reactions begin with a reactant, the general term for one or more substances entering the reaction. Sodium and chloride ions, for example, are the reactants in the production of table salt. One or more substances produced by a chemical reaction are called the product. Chemical reactions follow the law of conservation of mass, which means that matter cannot be created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction. The components of the reactants—the number of atoms and the elements—are all...
Consecutive Reactions01:22

Consecutive Reactions

Consecutive reactions involve a sequence where the product of a preceding reaction becomes the reactant for the subsequent one. In a simple scheme, A transforms into B, which further reacts to form C, with rate constants k1 and k2, respectively. This concept is evident in the radioactive decay series. Assuming an initial state with only A present, the conservation of matter leads to three coupled differential equations, determining the concentrations of A, B, and C over time.The rate of change...
Types of Chemical Reactions: Exchange and Reversible01:08

Types of Chemical Reactions: Exchange and Reversible

An exchange reaction is a chemical reaction in which both synthesis and decomposition occur, chemical bonds are both formed and broken, and chemical energy is absorbed, stored, and released.
A special kind of exchange reaction is the oxidation-reduction reaction, or the redox reaction. These reactions involve the transfer of electrons from one compound to another. The electrons in these reactions commonly come from hydrogen atoms, which consist of an electron and a proton. A molecule gives up a...

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Plasmid-derived DNA Strand Displacement Gates for Implementing Chemical Reaction Networks
07:50

Plasmid-derived DNA Strand Displacement Gates for Implementing Chemical Reaction Networks

Published on: November 25, 2015

Binary counting with chemical reactions.

Aleksandra Kharam1, Hua Jiang, Marc Riedel

  • 1Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA. veden002@umn.edu

Pacific Symposium on Biocomputing. Pacific Symposium on Biocomputing
|December 2, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a chemical reaction-based binary counter. It uses molecular presence/absence for logic and a three-phase oscillation for synchronization, enabling robust chemical computation.

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Synthetic Biology
  • Chemical Engineering

Background:

  • Digital computation relies on precise electronic signals.
  • Implementing reliable computation using chemical reactions presents significant challenges.
  • Existing chemical computation schemes are sensitive to reaction rate variations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose a novel scheme for a binary counter using chemical reactions.
  • To develop a computation method robust to reaction rate variations.
  • To explore potential applications in synthetic biology.

Main Methods:

  • Encoding binary values using the presence ('1') or absence ('0') of specific molecules.
  • Implementing counter incrementation via trigger molecule injection.
  • Utilizing a sustained three-phase molecular oscillation for synchronization, analogous to a clock signal.
  • Transferring molecular quantities across different oscillation phases.

Main Results:

  • The proposed scheme achieves exact computation solely based on coarse reaction rate categories ('fast' and 'slow').
  • The computation is independent of specific, precise reaction rates, enhancing robustness.
  • A conceptual framework for a chemical binary counter has been established.

Conclusions:

  • This methodology offers a new paradigm for chemical computation, overcoming rate sensitivity limitations.
  • The approach has potential applications in synthetic biology, including biochemical sensing and drug delivery.
  • DNA-based strand displacement is being investigated as a potential experimental platform.