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01:11P-N junction
A p-n junction is formed when p-type and n-type semiconductor materials are joined together. At the interface of the p-n junction, holes from the p-side and electrons from the n-side begin to diffuse into the opposite sides due to the concentration gradient. This diffusion of carriers leads to a region around the junction where there are no free charge carriers, known as the depletion region. The charge density within the depletion region for the n-side and p-side can be described by the...
02:26Photoelectric Effect
When light of a particular wavelength strikes a metal surface, electrons are emitted. This is called the photoelectric effect. The minimum frequency of light that can cause such emission of electrons is called the threshold frequency, which is specific to the metal. Light with a frequency lower than the threshold frequency, even if it is of high intensity, cannot initiate the emission of electrons. However, when the frequency is higher than the threshold value, the number of electrons ejected...
01:30The Electrical Double Layer
In the region where two bulk phases meet, an intricate electric charge distribution arises due to charge transfer, ion adsorption, molecular orientation, and charge distortion. This complex distribution is commonly referred to as the electrical double layer.When a solid electrode interfaces with ions in an electrolyte solution, the speed of electron transfer dictates the rates of oxidation and reduction. The electrode acquires a charge through the escape of atoms into the solution as cations or...
01:26Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry
The absorption of UV–visible light by conjugated systems causes the promotion of an electron from the ground state to the excited state. Consequently, photochemical electrocyclic reactions proceed via the excited-state HOMO rather than the ground-state HOMO. Since the ground- and excited-state HOMOs have different symmetries, the stereochemical outcome of electrocyclic reactions depends on the mode of activation; i.e., thermal or photochemical.
Selection Rules: Photochemical Activation
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01:21Junction Potentials in Galvanic Cells
The Nernst equation, derived under the assumption of thermodynamic equilibrium, calculates the electromotive force (emf) as the sum of potential differences at phase boundaries in a reversible cell without a liquid junction. However, in irreversible cells such as the Daniell cell, an additional potential difference named the liquid-junction potential (EJ) arises across the interface of two electrolyte solutions due to different ion diffusion rates. This EJ represents the potential difference...
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Electrocyclic reactions are reversible reactions. They involve an intramolecular cyclization or ring-opening of a conjugated polyene. Shown below are two examples of electrocyclic reactions. In the first reaction, the formation of the cyclic product is favored. In contrast, in the second reaction, ring-opening is favored due to the high ring strain associated with cyclobutene formation.
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06:49
In situ Grazing Incidence Small Angle X-ray Scattering on Roll-To-Roll Coating of Organic Solar Cells with Laboratory X-ray Instrumentation
Published on: March 2, 2021
Ionic space-charge effects in solid state organic photovoltaics.
1Instituto de Ciencia Molecular, Universidad de Valencia, PO Box 22085, Valencia, Spain.
ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
|December 3, 2010
Summary
Mobile ions significantly impact donor-acceptor bilayer solar cell energetics, altering output voltage. Ionic species enhance photovoltaic device efficiency without hindering charge generation, offering new functionalities for organic photovoltaics.
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Published on: January 10, 2017
Area of Science:
- Materials Science
- Physical Chemistry
- Renewable Energy
Background:
- Donor-acceptor bilayer solar cells are a key area of organic photovoltaics research.
- Understanding the influence of mobile ions is crucial for optimizing device performance.
Purpose of the Study:
- To investigate the effect of mobile ions on the operational energetics of donor-acceptor bilayer solar cells.
- To determine if ionic species impede or can enhance charge generation and overall device efficiency.
Main Methods:
- In situ measurements of solar cell output voltage under the influence of mobile ions.
- Analysis of energetic changes at the donor-acceptor interface and built-in potentials.
Main Results:
- Mobile ions were shown to significantly alter solar cell energetics, changing output voltage from 0.35 to 0.74 V.
- Ionic species were found not to obstruct charge generation properties.
- In situ application of ionic space charge demonstrated an improvement in device efficiencies.
Conclusions:
- Mobile ions play a critical role in the performance of donor-acceptor bilayer solar cells.
- Ionic space charge can be leveraged to enhance organic photovoltaic device efficiencies.
- Results provide guidelines for utilizing ionic species to unlock new functionalities in organic photovoltaics.